目录 前言i 第一章地理作为知识的第四维:问题及路径1 第一节基本议题2 第二节永恒的回归?重访赖特和索尔6 第三节斑杂的世界:源与流16 第四节重组的概念框架及其路径35 第二章科学的空间:近现代科学的地域结构47 第一节诸种讨论路径48 第二节20世纪前的地域结构变动51 第三节20世纪的科学空间55 第三章背景中的科学:科学的地域建构65 第一节寻求科学活动中心的外部解释66 第二节社会文化影响因素及其效应68 第三节历史地理化、地理历史化与科学的地域建构71 第四章空间中的科学:科学知识生产中的地点、地方与空间75 第一节从填充到生产:科学空间性质的转变76 第二节元科学的地方转向及基于地方的科学知识的生产与传播85 第五章将科学置于其地方Ⅰ:地理学编史的解释95 第一节科学地理学史与知识地理学史96 第二节科学地理学史的由来及局限98 第三节知识地理学史的兴起与叙事模式103 第四节知识地理学史的景观:一项回归111 第六章将科学置于其地方Ⅱ:中国地理学编史的解释117 第一节中国地理学史研究的任务118 第二节地理学知识和学科体系的建构120 第三节系统地理学思想的建构124 第四节对中国地理学形象的科学观考察131 第五节关于中国地理学传统流变的讨论141 第七章权力中的知识:地理作为世界体系的表达143 第一节地理学、语辞与世界体系的诞生144 第二节科学制图与世界体系的建构161 第三节哈利的未竟事业184 第八章本土研究:将本土知识置于其地方189 第一节两种地方性知识190 第二节由本土研究到参与性研究196 第三节差异中的共舞:通向参与性研究207 第九章结论:变化中的知识性质与变化中的知识景观217 参考文献225 索引Ⅰ261 索引Ⅱ264 Prefacevii Chapter 1Geography as the Fourth Dimension of Knowledge Studies1 1.1Key questions2 1.2Eternal return?Revisiting pioneers John K.Wright and Carl O.Sauer6 1.3Hybrid worlds:origin and development16 1.4Conceptual frame and ways of recombination.35 Chapter 2Space of science:the regional pattern of science since 1500 47 2.1Ways of debating48 2.2The spatial-temporal pattern of natural science before 190051 2.3The spatial-temporal pattern of natural science in the twentieth century55 Chapter 3Science in context:regional construction of science65 3.1Searching for external explain66 3.2Science and its context68 3.3Historical localization,regional historization and the regional construction of science71 Chapter 4Science in space:sites,place and space in the production and communication of scientific knowledge75 4.1From filling to production:the change of spatial nature in science76 4.2The geographical sensibilities in science studies and a new approach85 Chapter 5Putting science in its place Ⅰ:a historiographical survey in history of geography95 5.1History of geography and history of geographical knowledge96 5.2The rise of history of geography and its limits98 5.3The rise of history of geographical knowledge and its narration103 5.4The intellective history:a return111 Chapter 6Putting science in its place Ⅱ:a historiographical survey in history of Chinese geography117 6.1Why we need a history of Chinese geography in its place?118 6.2Selecting linear pedigree120 6.3Intellectual pedigree and the discovery of dynastic tradition124 6.4The place of ancient Chinese geography in written history131 6.5On the tradition of ancient Chinese geography and its change141 Chapter 7Knowledge-power:geography as a way of constructing world system143 7.1Geography,discourse and the rise of world system144 7.2Scientific cartography and the construction of world system161 7.3The heritage of Harley and unfinished work184 Chapter 8Indigenous research:putting knowledges in their places189 8.1Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge190 8.2Indigenous research and participatory research196 8.3Ongoing participatory research:dancing with difference207 Chapter 9Conclusion:the nature and landscape of knowledge in Change217 References225 IndexⅠ261 IndexⅡ264 图目录 图1-1知识地理学的两位先驱者:赖特、索尔6 图1-2土著人生活过的和白人生活的同一片土地10 图1-3近十年来本土研究的迅速发展13 图1-4科学技术体系与科学技术史体系25 图2-1基于科学家长期工作地的世界科学中心的转移(16—19世纪)55 图2-2近百年世界科学活动地域结构57 图2-31940—2011年美国诺贝尔自然科学奖获奖人数比例变化59 图7-1美洲的“发现”147 图7-2现代的“普洛克儒斯忒斯之床”150 图7-3布莱恩·哈利(1932—1991)162 图7-4地图学中的地图通讯模型165 图7-51649—1996年地图定义中的关键词167 图7-6 《坎提诺平面球形图》非洲局部170 图7-7沃尔特?克兰的“帝国联盟”171 图7-8墨卡托投影(1569)172 图7-9社会、地图与话语174 图7-10史密斯(John Smith)船长的弗吉尼亚地图178 图7-11欧洲16—17世纪的幻想与人种等级观念179 图7-12美国地图上的欧洲式地名182 图8-1本土与西方本体论和认识-方法论问题在拉图尔图式中的解释196 图8-2西方(科学)的解构主义与本土(科学)的整体主义205 图8-3本土研究范式认知图式205 图8-4本土知识在文化中的冰山比喻211 图9-1科学的三元辩证图式219 图9-2被认知的知识生产与传播及知识景观的变迁模式图221 图9-3知识的本体、认识与方法、价值判断的对称性和非对称性问题222 List of Figures Fig.1-1Two pioneers of geographies of knowledges:Carl O.Sauer and John K.Wright6 Fig.1-2The same land when Indians lived on it and white men living on it10 Fig.1-3The increasing Indigenous sensitive in the past ten years13 Fig.1-4Science and technology and their historical dimension(From Zhu,2003)25 Fig.2-1Workplaces of leading scientists,16th-19th centuries55 Fig.2-2The geographical pattern of global natural science in the past one hundred years57 Fig.2-3The number of Nobel prize winners in American,1940—201159 Fig.7-1The“discoveryof”American147 Fig.7-2A modern“bed of Procrustes”150 Fig.7-3(John)Brian Harley(1932—1991)162 Fig.7-4The map communication model in cartography(explained by Philip J.Gersmehl in 1986,and redrawn from Andrews,1988)165 Fig.7-5The key words through the definition of“map”from the years 1649 to 1996167 Fig.7-6Part of Cantino planisphere detail Africa170 Fig.7-7Colomb’s“Imperial Federation”171 Fig.7-8The Mercator projection published in 1569172 Fig.7-9Societies,maps,and discourses174 Fig.7-10Captain John Smith’s map of Virginia178 Fig.7-11Imaginaries and hierarchy on races in Western thought,16-17 centuries179 Fig.7-12 European words in American map182 Fig.8-1A Latourian interpretation on Indigenous and Western problem from perspectives of ontology and epistemology-methodology(from Sun,et al.,2014)196 Fig.8-2Western compartmentalism versus Indigenous holism205 Fig.8-3Knowing way of indigenous paradigm205 Fig.8-4The iceberg analogy on indigenous knowledge in culture211 Fig.9-1The trialectics of science being219 Fig.9-2The changing models of the production and landscape of knowledges221 Fig.9-3The ontological,epistemological-methodological,and axiological symmetries and asymmetries of knowledges222 表目录 表2-1基于六种不同年表的科学中心转移情况52 表2-2综合六种不同统计数据的科学活动中心期平均值、前置重合年限、前置重合期、后置重合年限和后置重合期52 表2-3近百年5年距获奖者地域结构58 表2-4获奖者国家获奖人数极差演变情况60 表2-5三类自然科学诺贝尔奖获得者地域结构61 表2-6三类自然科学奖获奖者国籍分布均衡情况62 表2-7美国近百年科学活动贡献比例不同研究结果比较63 表3-1社会文化因素与科学活动中心的时间效应69 表5-1科学地理学史与知识地理学史的比较109 表7-1英国皇家地理学会创建人员职业构成153 表8-1六种主流范式的基本特征203 表8-2本土/社区认识论与主流学术认识论的差异210 表8-3社区研究中的4R原则与方法和措施214 List of Tables Tab.2-1The change of scientific centres from six annals52 Tab.2-2Ahead and backwards cases in the development of scientific centres52 Tab.2-3The geographical pattern of Nobel prize winners58 Tab.2-4The change of range of number of Nobel Prize winners,1901—201160 Tab.2-5The geographical pattern of number of Nobel Prize winners in Physics,Chemistry,and Physiology or Medicine,1901—201161 Tab.2-6The proportionality of number of Nobel Prize winners by nationalities in Physics,Chemistry,and Physiology or Medicine,1901—201162 Tab.2-7A comparison to other research on the rate of American contribution63 Tab.3-1The time effect of scientific centres and other social factors(year)69 Tab.5-1The comparison of disciplinary history of geography and knowledge history of geography109 Tab.7-1Founding membership of RGS by profession(from Stoddart,1986:60)153 Tab.8-1Key words of the 6 mainstream paradigms203 Tab.8-2Epistemological Differences Between Indigenous/community Epistemologies and mainstream academic epistemologies210 Tab.8-3The Four Rs Related to the CBPR Project and Advancing Decolonization Through Participatory Research(Additional Suggestions,by Christine R.Stanton 2014:581)214