Contents Chapterl Introduction 1 1.1 A Brief History of Natural Gas Exploitation 1 1.2 Prospects of Natural Gas Development 5 1.2.2 Construction of natural gas pipeline system-foundation for gas market development 7 1.2.3 A series of auxiliary technology for natural gas exploitation 9 1.3 Characteristics of the Course and Tips for Learning 10 References 11 Chapter 2 Properties of Natural Gases 13 2.1 Fundamental Concepts and Principles 13 2.1.1 Definitions of natural gas 13 2.1.2 Composition of natural gas 13 2.1.3 Ideal-gaslaw 14 2.1.4 Behavior of real gases 16 2.1.5 Principle of corresponding states 16 2.2 Apparent Molecular Weight and Specific Gravity of a Gas Mixture 17 2.2.1 Apparent molecular weight of a gas mixture 17 2.2.2 Density of natural gas 18 2.2.3 Relative density of naturalgas 18 2.3 Calculation of Pseudo-critical Gas Properties 20 2.3.1 Calculation of the pseudo-critical properties with mixing rules 20 2.3.2 Calculation of the pseudo-critical properties with Sutton's correlations 27 2.3.3 Correcting pseudo-critical properties for H2S and C02 contamination 31 2.3.4 Calculation of specific gravity of reservoir gas 34 2.4 Calculation of Z Factor 35 2.4.1 Definition of Z Factor 35 2.4.2 Determination Z factor from standing-Katz nomograph 35 2.4.3 Correlations for Z factor 37 2.5 Gas Formation Volume Factor 39 2.6 Gas Viscosity 40 2.6.1 Definition of gas viscosity 40 2.6.2 Calculation of gas viscosity 41 2.7 Water Dew Point and Hydrocarbon Dew Point of Gas 45 2.7.1 Saturated water content in gas 45 2.7.2 Water dew point of gas 48 2.7.3 Hydrocrbon dew point of gas 48 2.8 Isothermal Compressibility Coefficient of Gas 48 2.8.1 Definition of isothermal compressibility coefficient 48 2.8.2 Calculation of isothermal compressibility coefficient 49 2.9 Properties of Formation Water 53 2.9.1 Water FVF 53 2.9.2 Solution gas/water ratio 54 2.9.3 Compressibility of water 56 2.10 PV Compressibility Correlations 58 References 59 Chapter 3 Gas Reservoir Material Balance,Reserve Calculation and Recovery 61 3.1 Volumetric Method 61 3.1.1 Volumetric dry gas reservoir 62 3.1.2 Dry gas reservoirs with water influx 64 3.1.3 Wet gas and gas-condensate reservoirs 67 3.2 MaterialBalance Method 71 3.2.1 Volumetric dry gas reservoirs material balance 72 3.2.2 Dry gas reservoirs with water influx 74 3.2 3 Volumetric geopressured gas reservoir 96 3.2.4 Volumetric gas-condensate reservoirs 104 3.3 Gas Reservoir Recovery 110 3.3.1 Analogy 112 3.3.2 Calculation 115 References 129 Chapter 4 Analysis and Design of Gas Well Deliverability 131 4.1 Gas Deliverability Equation Under Steady-state Flow Condition 131 4.1.1 Darcy's law under steady-state flow condition 131 4.1.2 Non-Darrcy's production equation 136 4.2 Gas Well Deliverability Equation of Pseudosteady State Flow 139 4.3 Empirical Deliverability Test Technique 147 4.4 Gas Well Deliverability Test Technique 147 4.4.1 Well test design 148 4.4.2 Well test method 151 4.5 Influence of Different Completion Methods for Inflow Performance 156 4.5.1 0pen hole completion 157 4.5.2 Perforated completion 159 4.5.3 Gravel packer completion 164 4.6 Design and Implementation of Gas-well Deliverability Tests 171 4.6.1 Well test purposes 171 4.6.2 General test design considerations 173 4.6.3 Pretest estimates of reservoir properties 177 4.6.4 Stabiliztion time 182 4 6.5 Estimation of deliverability test duration 183 4.6.6 Flow-rate requirements 184 4.6.7 General deliverability test design procedures 188 Exercise 192 References 192 Chapter 5 Decline Curve Analysis for Gas Wells 194 5.1 Arps Production Decline Analysis 194 5.1.1 Decline velocity,decline rate and decline law 194 5.1.2 Exponentialdecline 197 5.1.3 Harmonic decline 198 5.1.4 Hyerbolic decline 199 5.2 Modern Production Decline Analysis 206 References 239 Chapter 6 Calculation of Pipe Flow and Choke Flow 240 6.1 Systems,Heat,Work,and Energy 240 6.1.1 System 241 6.1.2 Heat 242 6.1.3 Work 242 6.1.4 Energy 243 6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 244 6.2.1 Closed system 245 6.2.2 0pen system 246 6.3 Energy Conservation Equation 248 6.4 Friction Calculation 250 6.4.1 Darcy resistance Formula 250 6.4.2 Friction factor 250 6.5 Bernoulli's Equation 253 6.6 Bottom Hole Pressure Calculations of Lean Gas Wells 253 6.6.1 Calculation of static bottom hole pressure 254 6.6.2 Flowing bottom hole pressure 263 6.6.3 Horizontal gas pipe pressure drop 268 6.6.4 Condensate gas modification 268 6.7 Modification of the Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure with Liquid Phase 269 6.7.1 Characteristic parameters of two-phase flow in pipes 270 6.7.3 Basic equation and solving steps 276 6.7.4 Hagedorn-Brown method of calculation on two-phase vertical pipe flow 280 6.7.5 Calculation of the pressure drop of two-phase flow in inclined/horizontal conduits 284 Chapter 7Node Analysis of Gas Well Production System 297 7.1 Analysis of Gas Well Production System 297 7.1.2 Gas well production system analysis 301 7.1.3 Use of gas well production system analysis 309 7.1.4 Steps of gas well production system analysis 309 7.2 Normalnodalanalysis 310 7.2.1 Examples of normal nodal analysis 310 7.2.2 Analysis about sensitiveness parameters of gas well 313 7.3 Analysis About Function Node 319 7.3.1 Effect of shooting density on gas well productivity 319 7.3.2 Effect of diameter of subsurface air taps on gas well productivity 322 Exercise 326 References 327 Chapter 8 Field Gathering System of Natural Gas 328 8.1 Natural Gas Field Gathering Station Flow 328 8.1.1 Well site devices 329 8.1.2 Single well gathering flow 330 8.1.3 Multi-well gathering flow 330 8.2 Natural Gas Field Gathering Pipeline Network 332 8.3 Throttle Surge 334 8.3.1 Differential throttling effect 335 8.3.2 Integral throttling effects 336 8.4 Measurements of Natural Gas 337 8.4.1 Measurement classification and instruments of natural gas 337 8.4.2 Natural gas measurement instruments 338 8.4.3 Tolerance calculation 341 8.5 Gas-Liquid Separation 342 8.5.1 Multi-step extractor 343 8.5.2 Selection of separator 344 8.6 Gas Hydrates 347 8.6.1 Gas hydrate formation conditions 348 8.6.2 Structure and classification of natural gas hydrate 349 8.6.3 Prediction of gas hydrate formation conditions 349 8.6.4 Hydrate prevention methods 353 Exercise 359 References 359 Chapter 9 Gas Well DeliquCication 361 9.1 Terminal Gas Flow Rate for Continuous Liquid Removal 361 9.1.2 Calculation of terminal flow rate for continuous liquid removal 362 9.1.3 Application of terminal rate of gas wells 365 9.2 Use of Foam to Deliguefy Gas Wells 368 9.2.1 Mechanism of deliquefying gas wells with foaming agents 369 9.2.2 Foaming agents 370 9.2.3 Design of deliquification with foam 376 9.2.4 Deliquification with foam in gas condensate well in the field 381 9.3 Plunger Lift 383 9.3.1 Plunger lift installation 384 9.3.2 Process of plunger lift 388 9.3.3 Process parameter design method of plunger lift 390 9.3.4 System design approach of plunger lift 395 Exercise 404 References 404
京公网安备 11010102004214号