This book describes diverse sources of biomaterial such as agricultural and forestry residues, special cultivated energy plants, aquatic plants like algae and urban organic waste (Chapters 1) and the logistics of biomass production, harvesting, transportation and storage (chapter 2). It also presents detailed methods whereby these materials can be processed to generate various forms of clean bioenergy such as biogas (Chapter 3,7), biodiesel (Chapter 4), bioethanol (Chapter 5), and clean biochar and other bioproducts (Chapter 8). In chapter 6, the modern advanced combustion system is introduced to improve burning efficiency. This simple approach could improve human and environmental health enormously, especially in rural areas of developing countries. The Application of Life Cycle Analysis on algae energy balance and the environmental impact of the bioenergy processes are discussed in Chapter 9. This book is intended to be practical and useful to those who are involved in bio-energy production.
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目录
Contents Chapter 1Biomass resources (Guangqing Liu and Jay J.Cheng)1 1.1Organic waste materials1 1.1.1Animal manure1 1.1.2Municipal solid organic waste4 1.1.3Industrial organic waste8 1.2Agricultural residues14 1.2.1Rice straw18 1.2.2Corn stover19 1.2.3Wheat straw22 1.2.4Other agricultural residues23 1.3Oil and grease25 1.3.1Plant oils26 1.3.2Oil-rich algae27 1.3.3Waste oils and fats28 1.4References29 Chapter 2Biomass logistics (Guangqing Liu and Maurycy Daroch (microalgae))30 2.1Feed stock production30 2.1.1Forestry waste30 2.1.2Herbaceous biomass31 2.1.3Algal biomass cultivation31 2.2Harvesting35 2.2.1Livestock and poultry manure collection35 2.2.2Collection, storage and transportation of urban household organic waste39 2.2.3Forestry biomass storage and transportation40 2.2.4Crop straw collection41 2.2.5Algae harvesting and dewatering56 2.3Transport60 2.4Storage61 2.5References63 Chapter 3Biogas production(Guangqing Liu)65 3.1Anaerobic digestion: principles for biogas production65 3.1.1Two-stage theory of anaerobic digestion66 3.1.2Calculation of the theoretical methane yield in anaerobic digestion67 3.1.3Microorganisms in anaerobic digestion69 3.1.4Inhibition mechanism of intermediate product in anaerobic digestion process70 3.2Biogas production at different temperatures71 3.2.1Psychrophilic anaerobic digestion72 3.2.2Mesophilic anaerobic digestion73 3.2.3Thermophilic anaerobic digestion74 3.3Anaerobic digesters76 3.3.1Anaerobic biological pond76 3.3.2Continuously stirred tank reactor76 3.3.3Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket digester78 3.3.4Anaerobic filter78 3.3.5Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor79 3.4H2S removal from biogas80 3.5Biogas power generation81 3.5.1Development status of China and abroad81 3.5.2Process of biogas power generation82 3.6Purification of biogas for automobile fuel production87 3.6.1Research on the CO2 scrubbing from biogas88 3.6.2Research on dehydration of biogas91 3.7References92 |Chapter 4Biodiesel production(Maurycy Daroch)95 4.1Principles of biodiesel production95 4.2Characterisation of biodiesel feedstocks99 4.3Transesterification101 4.3.1Transesterification process and catalysts102 4.3.2Alkaline catalysis105 4.3.3Acid catalysis108 4.3.4Enzyme: lipase112 4.4Biodiesel production from vegetable oils115 4.5Biodiesel production from waste oil and grease118 4.6Biodiesel production from microalgal oil120 4.6.1Oil extraction from microalgae121 4.6.2Chartacteristics of algal lipids and biodiesel production methods123 4.6.3By-products from microalgae127 4.7Net energy production from different biodiesel processes129 4.8References134 |vii|Chapter 5Bioethanol production(Sabih Farooq and Jay J. Cheng)141 5.1History of ethanol as fuel141 5.2Current ethanol production142 5.2.1Feedstock for ethanol production142 5.2.2Ethanol production processes144 5.3Environmental impact of current ethanol production146 5.4Lignocellulosic ethanol147 5.4.1Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass148 5.4.2Hydrolysis154 5.4.3Fermentation and distillation157 5.4.4Future perspective159 5.5References163 Chapter 6Direct combustion of biomass(Guangqing Liu and Shu Geng)166 6.1Process of biomass combustion167 6.1.1Combustion characteristics167 6.1.2Combustion conditions167 6.1.3Combustion process 170 6.2Traditional biomass combustion systems171 6.2.1Biomass stove171 6.2.2Layer burn175 6.2.3Fluidized bed technology181 6.3Advanced biomass stove183 6.3.1Biomass granulation183 6.3.2Improved combustion of biomass granules184 6.4References189 Chapter 7Biomass gasification(Guangqing Liu)191 7.1Principles of gasification191 7.1.1Biomass gasification process191 7.1.2Gasification indicators196 7.1.3The main factors influencing biomass gasification197 7.2Biomass gasifiers201 7.2.1Upflow gasifier201 7.2.2Downflow gasifier202 7.2.3Fluidized-bed gasifier203 7.3Syngas clean-up206 7.4Conversion of syngas to products207 7.5Net energy production from gasification processes207 7.5.1Project overview208 7.5.2Process technology208 7.5.3Results and analysis209 7.5.4Conclusion210 7.6References211 |Chapter 8Biomass pyrolysis(Guangqing Liu)213 8.1Principles of pyrolysis213 8.1.1Concept of pyrolysis213 8.1.2Pyrolysis mechanism214 8.1.3Influence factors218 8.2Common pyrolysis process222 8.3Pyrolysis products refinery223 8.3.1Drying224 8.3.2Crushing224 8.3.3Pyrolysis224 8.3.4The separation of product char and ash224 8.3.5The cooling of gaseous bio-oil225 8.3.6Bio-oil collection225 8.4Applications of pyrolysis products225 8.4.1Bio-oil225 8.4.2Bio-char228 8.5Net energy production from the pyrolysis processes229 8.5.1The project230 8.5.2The significance and purpose of the project231 8.5.3Technology and indicators231 8.5.4Demonstration project operation situation analysis232 8.6References233 Chapter 9Environmental impacts and life cycle assessment(Ting Feng,Shu Geng and Maurycy Daroch)236 9.1Introduction to life cycle assessment236 9.1.1What is life cycle assessment?236 9.1.2The systems approach of life cycle assessment237 9.1.3The database of life cycle assessment238 9.1.4The function of life cycle assessment239 9.1.5The limitations of life cycle assessment241 9.2Life cycle assessment approaches242 9.2.1Gabi Software243 9.2.2SimaPro243 9.2.3GREET Model244 9.2.4Clarens’research246 9.2.5Stephenson’s research248 9.2.6Sander’s research250 9.2.7Summary251 9.3Life cycle assessment of different biofuel production processes252 9.3.1Life cycle assessment of energy balance252 9.3.2Carbon cycle of biofuel production254 9.4Environmental impacts of different renewable energy production processes256 9.5References256
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