Contents Part Ⅰ Context of Agroecology Chapter 1 Agriculture and Its Anthropocentric Sciences 3 1.1 Introduction and the Anthropocene Era 3 1.2 What Are the “Hot” Issues in Agriculture and Food System? 5 1.3 Agriculture, Agricultural Sustainability, and Agroecology 6 1.4 Corn as a Symbol of Agroecology 14 Chapter 2 Natural Ecosystems Versus Agroecosystems 17 2.1 Expanding Our Understanding of “Ecology” 17 2.2 Natural Versus Agricultural Ecosystems 19 2.3 Energy Flow and Matter Cycle in a Natural Ecosystem 22 2.4 Agroecosystems Harvest the Sun 24 2.5 Matter Cycle and Agroecosystems 25 2.6 Ecological Footprint 26 Part Ⅱ Basics of Agroecosystems Chapter 3 Soils as the Basis for Cultivated Ecosystems 31 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Formation and Classification of Soils 32 3.3 Ecosystem Services Provided by Soils 33 3.4 Soil Characteristics 35 Chapter 4 Water as the Basis for Cultivated Ecosystems 47 4.1 Water Resources in the Global Ecosystem 47 4.2 Water in Agroecosystems 50 4.3 Aspects of Water Management in Agroecosystems 54 Chapter 5 Linking Agroecosystems to Food Systems 57 5.1 Food Systems in Association with Agroecosystem 57 5.2 Agroecological Transition: Making Money and Respecting the Environment 58 5.3 Concept of Sweet Spot 61 5.4 Educating Consumers with Agroecology 61 Chapter 6 Agroecosystem Health and Services 63 6.1 What Is Ecosystem Health and How Does It Relate to Ecosystem Services? 64 6.2 Evaluating Agroecosystem Health and Services 71 Part Ⅲ Digging Deeper into Agroecosystems Chapter 7 Agroecology and Hunger 79 7.1 Hunger Concepts and Definitions 80 7.2 Causes for Hunger 83 7.3 Green Revolutions 88 Chapter 8 Wastes or Resources in Agroecosystems? 93 8.1 What Are Resources and Wastes in Agroecosystems? 94 8.2 Resources in Agroecosystems 95 8.3 Waste in Agroecosystems 96 8.4 Compost: Making It 98 8.5 Vermicomposting 105 8.6 Agricultural Uses of Compost 105 Chapter 9 Global Climate Change and Agriculture 107 9.1 What Is the Evidence for Climate Change? 107 9.2 What Is the Greenhouse Effect and How Is It Related to Climate Change? 110 9.3 Other Greenhouse Gases 114 9.4 Agriculture’s Contribution to the Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change 116 9.5 Impacts of Global Climate Change on Agriculture 117 Chapter 10 Agrobiodiversity and Agroecosystem Stability 123 10.1 Biodiversity and Its Associated Ecosystem Services 123 10.2 Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 128 10.3 Regenerating Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 131 Part Ⅳ Application of Agroecosystem Concepts Chapter 11 Domestication in Agricultural Systems 141 11.1 Introduction 141 11.2 Adaptations for Wild Species Versus Adaptations for Domesticated Species 142 11.3 How Did Domestication Allow for an Increase in Human Population? 144 11.4 Domestication and Evolution of Agriculture 145 11.5 Is Animal Production Good for Humans and the Planet? 146 11.6 Is Domestication Exploitation? 147 Chapter 12 Animal Welfare: A Good Life for Animals 151 12.1 Introduction 151 12.2 Principal Animal Welfare Issues in Modern Animal Agriculture 152 12.3 Animal Welfare: Observations and Research 154 12.4 Scientific Research 156 12.5 International Approaches to Implementation of Animal Welfare and Their Impacts 160 Chapter 13 Forage-Based Production Systems 163 13.1 Introduction 163 13.2 Forages in Production Systems 164 13.3 Beneficial Effects of Forages 165 13.4 Harvesting and Storing Forage 167 13.5 Forages in Rotations 168 Chapter 14 Cereal-Based Cropping Systems 171 14.1 Introduction: Why Are Seeds of Cereals So Great? 171 14.2 Domestication and Adaptation of Cereals 174 14.3 The Major Cereal Crops in the World 175 14.4 Cropping Strategies with Cereals 178 14.5 Strategies for Improving Cereal Crops to Meet Future Needs 179 Chapter 15 Vegetable-Based Production Systems 181 15.1 The Roles of Vegetable in Human Development 181 15.2 Nutrient Deficiencies 182 15.3 Socioeconomic Impact 183 15.4 Classification Systems of Vegetables 185 15.5 Vegetable-Based Production Systems 187 15.6 Profit Versus Principle 189 Chapter 16 Perennial Fruit and Nut Production Systems 191 16.1 Perennial Woody Plants in Agroecosystems 191 16.2 Economics and Health with Fruit and Nut Crops 193 16.3 Growing Fruits and Nuts 194 16.4 Biotechnology and the Papaya: A Case Study in Hawaii 196 16.5 Almonds and Water: Case Study 197 16.6 Agroforestry and Its Techniques 198 Chapter 17 Aquaculture Production Systems 201 17.1 Aquaculture Must Grow in the Twenty-first Century 201 17.2 The Role of Aquaculture in Human Nutrition 203 17.3 Methods and Energy Efficiency in Finfish Aquaculture 204 17.4 Sustainability of Aquaculture: Global Perspective 208 Chapter 18 Environmental Innovations in Urban Ecosystems 211 18.1 Urbanization Impacts 212 18.2 Is the City an Ecological System? 215 18.3 Urban Ecosystem Services 217 18.4 Water Management 221 18.5 Agriculture/Urban Agriculture 223 18.6 Planning for Urban Land-Use 226 Part Ⅴ Agroecosystem Management: Issues, Problems and Solutions Chapter 19 Integrated Pest Management (IPM): From Theory to Application 233 19.1 The Importance of Insects 233 19.2 The Development of Integrated Pest Management 235 19.3 Sampling and Monitoring for Insect Pests 236 19.4 Economics of Insect Pest Management 238 19.5 Management Strategies 239 19.6 Insect IPM Case Study 247 Chapter 20 Organic Agriculture: A Model for Sustainability 251 20.1 Overview of Organic Agriculture 251 20.2 Definition, History, and Principles of Organic Agriculture 252 20.3 Organic Standards and Regulations 256 20.4 Organic Production Practices 258 20.5 Organic Production Statistics and Market Demand 263 20.6 Benefits and Challenges of Organic Agriculture 266 20.7 Organic 3.0 267 Chapter 21 Integrated Agroecosystem Management 269 21.1 Introduction: Concepts and Definitions 270 21.2 Integrated Farm Management 271 21.3 Economic Framework to Agroecosystem Management 272 21.4 How Does Government Policy Affect Agroecosystem Management? 276 Chapter 22 Employing an Agroecological Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study from China 279 22.1 Introduction 279 22.2 The Interdisciplinary Nature of Agroecology 281 22.3 Agroecology Practices in China 282 22.4 Connections Between Agroecology and the UN Sustainable Development Goals 284 22.5 Case Studies 284 22.6 Moving Agroecology Forward for the SDGs 292 References 295
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