目录 总序 本册前言 概论 1 一、研究历史 1 （一）银杏的研究简史和现状 1 （二）银杏目化石发现和研究 4 1. 晚古生代“银杏类” 4 2. 银杏属和银杏目 5 二、现生银杏 8 （一）形态构造 8 1. 营养器官 8 2. 生殖器官 11 3. 营养叶和生殖器官的发育与变异 13 （二）生态环境和分布 16 三、银杏目的起源和亲缘关系 17 四、银杏目的时空分布和盛衰变迁 19 （一）概述 19 （二）多样性和盛衰演变 20 1. 分类单元的多样性 20 2. 形态构造的重要创新 24 （三）地理分布和生态域的变迁 26 1. 中国晚三叠世以来几个常见属急剧的地域扩展 26 2. 生态域的变迁 28 五、银杏目的系统发育、分类和演化趋向 30 （一）系统发育分析 30 （二）分类 33 1. 银杏目的科和属 33 2. 辅佐性分类单元——形态属和器官属 36 （三）演化趋向 38 1. 各科的演化趋向 39 2. 银杏属内的演化过程 39 3. 现生银杏的个体发育过程“重演”演化趋向 40 系统记述 43 一、自然分类 43 银杏目 Order Ginkgoales 43 卡肯果科 Family Karkeniaceae Krassilov, 1972 43 卡肯果属 Genus Karkenia Archangelsky, 1965 43 义马果科 Family Yimaiaceae Zhou, 1997 48 义马果属 Genus Yimaia Zhou et Zhang, 1988 emend. 1992 48 乌马鳞片科 Family Umaltolepidiaceae Stanislavsky, 1973 emend. Zhou,1997 56 托勒兹果属 Genus Toretzia Stanislavsky, 1973 56 乌马鳞片属 Genus Umaltolepis Krassilov, 1972 57 银杏科 Family Ginkgoaceae Engler ex Engler et Prantl, 1897 59 银杏属 Genus Ginkgo L., 1771 60 二、辅佐分类单元——形态属和器官属 79 （一）生殖器官 79 1. 花粉器官 79 楔拜拉花属 Genus Sphenobaieroanthus Yang, 1986 79 穗花属（部分种）Genus Stachyopitys Schenk, 1867 (pro parte) 80 2. 隶属关系不定的花粉器官 82 石花属（部分种）Genus Antholithus L., 1786 (pro parte) 82 3. 隶属关系不定的种子 83 松套籽属（部分种）Genus Allicospermum Harris, 1935 (pro parte) 83 （二）营养器官 86 1. 营养叶 86 拜拉属 Genus Baiera Braun, 1843 emend. Florin, 1936 86 桨叶属 Genus Eretmophyllum Thomas, 1913 129 准银杏属 Genus Ginkgodium Yokoyama, 1889 137 似银杏属 Genus Ginkgoites Seward, 1919 144 舌叶属 Genus Glossophyllum Kr？usel, 1943 224 假托勒利叶属 Genus Pseudotorellia Florin, 1936 235 楔拜拉属 Genus Sphenobaiera Florin, 1936 244 2. 营养枝 308 似银杏枝属 Genus Ginkgoitocladus Krassilov, 1972 308 楔拜拉枝属 Genus Sphenobaierocladus Yang, 1986 310 3. 矿化木材 311 银杏型木属 Genus Ginkgoxylon Saporta, 1884 emend. Süss, 2003 ex Philippe et Bamford, 2008 311 古银杏型木属 Genus Palaeoginkgoxylon Feng, Wang et R？ssler, 2010 313 原始银杏型木属 Genus Proginkgoxylon Zheng et Zhang, 2008 315 三、归属可疑的营养叶 319 大同叶属 Genus Datongophyllum Wang, 1984 319 渡口叶属 Genus Dukouphyllum Yang, 1978 321 银杏叶属 Genus Ginkgophyllum Saporta, 1875 322 拟银杏叶属 Genus Ginkgophytopsis H？eg, 1967 326 皮叶属 Genus Phylladoderma Zalessky, 1914 340 异叶属 Genus Pseudorhipidopsis P’an, 1936–1937 345 辐叶属 Genus Radiatifolium Meng, 1992 350 钉羊齿属（部分种）Genus Rhaphidopteris Barale, 1972 (pro parte) 351 扇叶属 Genus Rhipidopsis Schmalhausen, 1879 356 铲叶属 Genus Saportaea Fontaine et White, 1880 379 中国叶属 Genus Sinophyllum Sze et Lee, 1952 382 参考文献 385 英文摘要 414 中国银杏植物汉-拉学名索引 425 中国银杏植物拉-汉学名索引 434 全部引述植物拉丁学名索引 442 附录1 记述标本存放单位名称和缩写 452 附录2 引用图件版权说明 454 CONTENTS General Foreword Preface Introduction 1 I. Research History 1 (I) Researches on Ginkgo biloba L.: Brief History and the Present Status 1 (II) Discovery and Research History of Ginkgoalean Fossils 4 1. Late Palaeozoic “Ginkgoaleans” 4 2. Ginkgoales and the Genus Ginkgo L. 5 II. Extant Ginkgo 8 (I) Morphology and Structure 8 1. Vegetative Organ 8 2. Reproductive Organ 11 3. Growth and Variation of Vegetative and Reproductive Organs 13 (II) Ecology and Distribution 16 III. Origin and Affinity of the Ginkgoales 17 IV. Spatial/Temporal Distributions of the Ginkgoales 19 (I) General Remarks 19 (II) Diversity: Increase and Decrease 20 1. Taxonomic Diversity 20 2. Major Morphological Innovations 24 (III) Geographical and Ecological Distributions 26 1. Rapid Geographic Expansion of Several Genera in the Late Triassic of China 26 2. Changing of Ecological Distributions 28 V. Phylogeny, Classification and Evolutionary Trends of the Ginkgoales 30 (I) Phylogenetic Analyses 30 (II) Classification 33 1. Families and Genera of Ginkgoales 33 2. Auxiliary Taxa: Form- and Organ-genera 36 (III) Evolutionary Trends 38 1. Evolution Trends in Different Families 39 2. Evolution within the Genus Ginkgo 39 3. “Recapitulation” of Evolutionary Trends in the Developmental Sequence of Ginkgo biloba 40 Systematic Account 43 I. Natural System 43 Order Ginkgoales 43 Family Karkeniaceae Krassilov, 1972 43 Genus Karkenia Archangelsky, 1965 43 Family Yimaiaceae Zhou, 1997 48 Genus Yimaia Zhou et Zhang, 1988 emend. 1992 48 Family Umaltolepidiaceae Stanislavsky, 1973 emend. Zhou, 1997 56 Genus Toretzia Stanislavsky, 1973 56 Genus Umaltolepis Krassilov, 1972 57 Family Ginkgoaceae Engler ex Engler et Prantl, 1897 59 Genus Ginkgo L., 1771 60 II. Auxiliary Taxa: Form- and Organ-genera 79 (I) Reproductive Organs 79 1. Pollen Organs 79 Genus Sphenobaieroanthus Yang, 1986 79 Genus Stachyopitys Schenk, 1867 (pro parte) 80 2. Pollen Organs of Uncertain Attributions 82 Genus Antholithus L., 1786 (pro parte) 82 3. Seeds of Uncertain Attributions 83 Genus Allicospermum Harris, 1935 (pro parte) 83 (II) Vegetative Organs 86 1. Vegetative Leaves 86 Genus Baiera Braun, 1843 emend. Florin, 1936 86 Genus Eretmophyllum Thomas, 1913 129 Genus Ginkgodium Yokoyama, 1889 137 Genus Ginkgoites Seward, 1919 144 Genus Glossophyllum Kr？usel, 1943 224 Genus Pseudotorellia Florin, 1936 235 Genus Sphenobaiera Florin, 1936 244 2. Vegetative Shoots 308 Genus Ginkgoitocladus Krassilov, 1972 308 Genus Sphenobaierocladus Yang, 1986 310 3. Permineralized Wood 311 Genus Ginkgoxylon Saporta, 1884 emend. Süss, 2003 ex Philippe et Bamford, 2008 311 Genus Paleoginkgoxylon Feng, Wang et R？ssler, 2010 313 Genus Proginkgoxylon Zheng et Zhang, 2008 315 III. Problematical Ginkgoalean Vegetative Leaves 319 Genus Datongophyllum Wang, 1984 319 Genus Dukouphyllum Yang, 1978 321 Genus Ginkgophyllum Saporta, 1875 322 Genus Ginkgophytopsis H？eg, 1967 326 Genus Phylladoderma Zalessky, 1914 340 Genus Pseudorhipidopsis P’an, 1936-1937 345 Genus Radiatifolium Meng, 1992 350 Genus Rhaphidopteris Barale, 1972 (pro parte) 351 Genus Rhipidopsis Schmalhausen, 1879 356 Genus Saportaea Fontaine et White, 1880 379 Genus Sinophyllum Sze et Lee, 1952 382 References 385 Abstract 414 Index of Names for Ginkgoalean Plants of China (Pinyin-Latin) 425 Index of Names for Ginkgoalean Plants of China (Latin-Pinyin) 434 Index of all Cited Latin Plant Names 442 Appendix 1 Names of Specimen-deposited Institutions and their Abbreviations 452 Appendix 2 Figure Credits 454
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