Contents Preface Preface for Modern ThermodynamicsA new statement of the second law, (Chin. Ed.) 2015 Chapter 1 Theoretical Foundation of Thermodynamics 1 1.1 Thermodynamics and Its Applicable Range 1 1.2 Two Fundamental Characteristics of Energy 2 1.3 Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics 4 1.3.1 System and Surroundings4 1.3.2Equilibrium State and Nonequilibrium State 5 1.3.3 State Variables or State Functions6 1.3.4State Equation 7 1.3.5Reversible, Irreversible and Quasistatic Processes 8 1.3.6Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes 8 1.4 Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics 9 1.4.1The Zeroth Law and Local Equilibrium Approach 9 1.4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 10 1.4.4Absolute Temperature 14 1.4.5The Second Law ofThermodynamics 15 1.4.6Physical Meanings of Entropy Increase 18 1.5 ANew Statement of the Second Law of Thermodnamics 20 References 23 Chapter 2 Classical Thermodynamics of Spontaneous Process in Simple Systems 25 2.1Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of Reversible Processes) 25 2.2 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes) 29 2.3 Criterion of Equilibrium 30 2.4 Calculation of Entropy Change 32 2.5 Relationship between Gibbs Free Energy and T orp 38 2.6 Calculation of Global Entropy Increase 43 2.7Equilibrium Phase Diagram 48 References 50 Chapter 3 Coupling Model of Low Pressure Diamond Synthesis: A Breakthrough in Thermodynamics 51 3.1 High Pressure Diamond Synthesis 51 3.2Activated Low Pressure Diamond Synthesis 54 3.3 Kinetic Model of Selective Etching of SAH 58 3.4 Coupling Model of Low Pressure Diamond Synthesis 60 3.5Mechanism of Thermodynamic Coupling 62 3.6 A New Field of Nondissipative Thermodynamics 64 References 67 Chapter 4 Nondissipative Thermodynamics of Modern Thermodynamics70 4.1 Nonequilibrium Phase Diagram 70 4.2 Thermodynamic Data ofActivated Graphite 72 4.2.1 Gibbs Free Energy Method 73 4.2.2Equilibrium Constant Method 74 4.3Calculation of Nonequilibrium Phase Diagram 77 4.4 TXNonequilibrium Phase Diagrams of CH System 82 4.5 TpXNonequilibrium Phase Diagrams of CH and CO System 86 4.6 Gas Composition Nonequilibrium Phase Diagram of CH System 90 4.7 Nonequilibrium Phase Diagrams of CHO System 93 4.8 Confirmation of Nonequilibrium Phase Diagrams 99 References 102 Chapter 5 Dissipative Thermodynamics of Modern Thermodynamics 106 5.1Calculation for Low Pressure Diamond in Dissipative Thermodynamics 106 5.2Gemquality Caratsize Low Pressure Diamonds 112 5.3Modem Thermodynamics for High Speed CVD Diamond Growth 116 5.4Chemiosmotic Theory of ATP Biosynthesis 121 5.5Chemical Oscillation, Cyclic Reaction and Spiral Reaction 125 5.6 Thermodiffusion 131 5.7Bernard Pattern 133 5.8Development of Some Related Disciplines 135 5.8.1Evolution of Celestial Body 135 5.8.3 Importance of Liberal Education 138 References 143 Chapter 6 Continuum Mechanics and Kinetics Are Outside Thermodynamics145 6.1Thermodynamics Is a Rigorous Fundamental Discipline 145 6.2 0nsager Reciprocal Relations Belong to Continuum Mechanics 147 6.3 The Core of Dissipative Structures is not Thermodynamics 151 6.4Prigogine's Made Confusion between AG and Ago 153 6.5 Low Pressure Diamond Synthesis ~ Touchstone of Modern Thermodynamics 156 6.6 Equality of the Second Law "Missed" by Onsager and Prigogine158 6.7 1873 Rayleigh's "Principle of the Least Dissipation of Energy"162 6.8 Kinetic Derivation of Onsager Reciprocal Relations 164 6.9Prigogine's "General Formulae of Entropy Production" 167 6.9.1Due to Heat Flow 168 6.9.2 Due to Heat Conduction and Mass Transport 169 6.9.3 "General Formulae of Entropy Production" 171 6.10Essential Characteristics of Thermodynamics Discipline 174 References 175 Appendix lA Small System of ATP Biosynthesis 177 A1.1Mitchell's Chemiosmotic Theory 177 A1.2Extended Camot Theorem 180 A1.3 Complete Classification of Thermodynamics 181 A1.4A Small System of LowPressure Diamond Growth 182 Appendix 2 Nonequilibrium Phase Diagrams in Modern Thermodynamics 186 A2.1 Equilibrium Phase Diagram of Carbon 187 A2.2 Nonequilibrium Phase Diagram of LP Diamond Synthesis 190 A2.3What is "Nonequilibrium Phase Equilibria"? 191 A2.4 0ur Thermodynamics Coupling Model 194 A2.5Complete Classification of Thermodynarmcs 196 A2.6Extended Carnot Theorem 197 Appendix 3 A New Statement of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics 199 A3.1Clausius and Kelvin Statement in Textbooks 200 A3.2 A ;'new" ClausiusStatement Has Been Found 200 A3.3 "Compensation" = "Thermodynamic Coupling"205 A3.4Extended Carnot Theorem 206 A3.5 Complete Classification of Thermodynamics 206 A3.6 A New Statement of the 2nd Law 207