1 Introduction 1.1 Sensors and Sensor Science 1.1.1 Sensors-Eyes and Ears of Machines 1.1.2 The Term ‘Sensor’ 1.2 Chemical Sensors 1.2.1 Characteristics of a Chemical Sensor 1.2.2 Elements of Chemical Sensors 1.2.3 Characterisation of Chemical Sensors 1.3 References 2 Fundamentals 2.1 Sensor Physics 2.1.1 Solids 2.1.2 Optical Phenomena and Spectroscopy 2.1.3 Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity 2.2 Sensor Chemistry 2.2.1 Chemical Equilibrium 2.2.2 Kinetics and Catalysis 2.2.3 Electrolytic Solutions 2.2.4 Acids and Bases, Deposition Processes and Complex Compounds 2.2.5 Redox Equilibria 2.2.6 Electrochemistry 2.2.7 Ion Exchange, Solvent Extraction and Adsorption Equilibria. 2.2.8 Special Features of Biochemical Reactions 2.3 Sensor Technology 2.3.1 Thick-Film Technology 2.3.2 Thin-Film Technology and Patterning Procedures 2.3.3 Surface Modification and Ordered Monolayers 2.3.4 Microsystems Technology 2.4 Measurement with Sensors 2.4.1 Primary Electronics for Sensors 2.4.2 Instruments for Electric Measurements 2.4.3 Optical Instruments 2.5 References 3 Semiconductor Structures as Chemical Sensors 3.1 References 4 Mass-Sensitive Sensors 4.1 BAW Sensors 4.2 SAW Sensors 5 Conductivity Sensors and Capacitive Sensors 5.1 Conductometric Sensors 5.2 Resistive and Capacitive Gas Sensors 5.2.1 Gas Sensors Based on Polycrystalline Semiconductors 5.2.2 Gas Sensors Made of Polymers and Gels 5.3 Resistive and Capacitive Sensors for Liquids 5.4 References 6 Thermometric and Calorimetric Sensors 6.1 Sensors with Thermistors and Pellistors 6.2 Pyroelectric Sensors 6.3 Sensors Based on Other Thermal Effects 6.4 References 7 Electrochemical Sensors 7.1 Potentiometric Sensors 7.1.1 Selectivity of Potentiometric Sensors 7 1 2 Ion-Selective Electrodes 7.1.3 The Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) 7.1.4 Measurement with Potentiometric Sensors 7.2 Amperometric Sensors 7.2.1 Selectivity of Amperometric Sensors 7.2.2 Electrode Design and Examples 7.2.3 Measurement with Amperometric Sensors 7.3 Sensors Based on Other Electrochemical Methods 7.4 Electrochemical Biosensors 7.4.1 Fundamentals 7.4.2 Classes of Electrochemical Biosensors 7.5 References 8 Optical Sensors 8.1 Optical Fibres as a Basis for Optical Sensors 8.2 Fibre Sensors Without Chemical Receptors (Mediators) 8.3 Optodes: Fibre Sensors with a Chemical Receptor 8.3.1 Overview 8.3.2 Optodes with Simple Receptor Layers 8.3.3 Optodes with Complex Receptor Layers 8.4 Sensors with Planar Optical Transducers 8.4.1 Planar Waveguides 8.4.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance and Resonant-Mirror Prism Couplers 8.5 Optical Biosensors 8.5.1 Fundamentals 8.5.2 Optical Enzyme Sensors 8.5.3 Optical Bioaffinity Sensors 8.5.4 Optical DNA Sensors 8.6 Sensor Systems with Integrated Optics 8.7 References 9 Chemical Sensors as Detectors and Indicators 9.1 Indicators for Titration Processes 9.2 Flow-Through Detectors for Continuous Analysers and for Separation Techniques 9.2.1 Continuous Analysers 9.2.2 Separation Methods 9.3 References 10 Sensor Arrays and Micro Total Analysis Systems 10.1 Two Trends and Their Causes 10.2 Smart Sensors and Sensor Arrays 10.2.1 Intelligence in Sensors 10.2.2 Sensor Arrays 10.3 Micro Total Chemical Analysis Systems (μ-TASs) 10.3.1 History 10.3.2 Technological Aspects 10.3.3 Characteristic Operations and Processes in Micro Total Analysers 10.3.4 Examples of μ-TAS 10.4 References Subject Index
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