Chapter 1 Optical Technology until the Year 2000: An Historical Overview OTTO S.WOLFBEIS 1 Introduction 2 Very Early History 3 Early History (up to about 1985) 4 Optical Sensors for Gases (Including Dissolved Gases)and Organics 5 Opt(r)odes for pH 6 Optical Sensors for Ions 7 Enzyme-Based Biosensors 8 Fiber Optic Systems 9 Signal Referencing 10 Optical Sensing Schemes 11 Materials for Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors 12 Imaging and Pressure-Sensitive Paints 13 Commercial Instrumentation Using Opt(r)odes References Chapter 2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Optical Sensing Devices MARTA ELENA DIAZ-GARCIA, ROSANA BADIA 1 Introduction 2 Molecular Imprinting Process 2.1 Covalent Molecular Imprinting 2.2 Self-assembly Molecular Imprinting 3 Polymer Composition 3.1 Templates 3.2 Type of Monomer and Crosslinker 3.3 Porogenic Solvents 3.4 Radical Initiators 4 MIP Optical Sensing Applications 4.1 Optical Sensing Approaches for Metals of Environmental Concern 4.2 Optical Sensing Approaches for Environmental Harmful Compounds 4.3 MIP Optical Sensing Materials for Organic Volatile Compounds 5 Conclusions and Outlook References Chapter 3 Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Reactands: New Indicator Dyes for Monitoring Amines, Alcohols and Aldehydes GERHARD J.MOHR 1 Introduction 2 Sensing Amines 2.1 Trifluoroacetylazobenzene Dyes 2.2 Trifluoroacetylazobenzene Copolymers 3 Sensing Alcohols 3.1 Trifluoroacetylstilbenes 4 Sensing Aldehydes 4.1 Perylene Tetracarboxylbisimides 5 Conclusions and Outlook References Chapter 4 Design, Quality Control and Normalization of Biosensor Chips CLAUDIA PREININGER, URSULA SAVER I Introduction 2 Principle 3 Biochip Fabrication 3.1 Biomo]ecu]ar Probes 3.2 Array Manufacture 3.3 Slides and Immobilization 4 Optical Read-out 5 Quality Control 5.1 Autofluorescence 5.2 Arraying 5.3 Print buffer 5.4 Immobilization 5.5 Fluorescent Label 5.6 Validation 6 Data Collection and Analysis 6.1 Imaging 6.2 Image Analysis 6.3 Background 6.4 Quantification 6.5 Normalization 7 Statistical Analysis References Chapter 5 Rapid, Multiplex Optical Biodetection for Point-of-Care Applications FRANK Y.S.CHUANG, BILL W.COLSTON, JR. 1 Need for Advanced Biodetection 2 Fundamental Principles of Biodetection 3 Development of Optical Methods for Biodetection 3.1 Sandwich Immunoassays- ELISA 3.2 Lateral Flow Assays-“Strip” Tests 3.3 Fixed Microarrays-DNA Gene Chip 3.4 Liquid Microarrays-Luminex Flow System 4 Multiplex Immunoassay Diagnostic System (MIDS) 4.1 Disposable Sample Collection Unit 4.2 CCD-based Optical Hardware 4.3 Digital Image Analysis Software 4.4 Preliminary Results 4.5 Discussion 5 Conclusions and Future Directions References Chapter 6 Multi-functional Biochip for Medical Diagnostics and Pathogen Detection TUAN Vo-DINH, GuY GRIFFIN, DAVID L.STOKES, DIMITRA N. STRATIS-CULLUM, MINOO ASKARI, ALAN WINTENBERG 1 Introduction 2 The Multi-functional Biochip 2.1 Integrated Circuit Development of the Biochip 3 Experimental Systems and Procedures 3.1 Instrumentation 3.2 Preparation of DNA Probes 3.3 Protocol for DNA Studies 3.4 Protocol for Antibody Studies 3.5 Protocol for DNA/Antibody Combined Assay 3.6 Protocol for ELISA-based Detection ofB.globigii 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Fundamental Evaluations of the IC Biochip via Off-chip Bioassays 4.2 Application of the ELISA Technique to Biochip-based Detection 4.3 Evaluation of the Biofluidics-based Biochip System for On-chip Bioanalysis 4.4 Portable IC Biochip Prototype with Biofluidic System 5 Conclusion List of Abbreviations References Chapter 7 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors for Food Safety JIRI HOMOLA 1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensors 2.1 Surface Plasmon-Polaritons and their Excitation by Light Waves 2.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors 2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors 2.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of SPR Biosensors 3 Implementations of SPR Biosensors 3.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance Platforms 3.2 Biomolecular Recognition Elements and their Immobilization 3.3 Biomolecular Interactions 3.4 Detection Formats used in SPR Biosensors 4 SPR Biosensors for Detection of Food Safety-related Analytes 4.1 SPR Biosensor-based Detection of Chemical Contaminants 4.2 SPR Biosensor-based Detection of Toxins 4.3 SPR Biosensor-based Detection of Microbial Pathogens 5 Summary References Chapter 8 NIR Dyes for Ammonia and HCI Sensors PETER SIMON, FRANK KVASNIK 1 Introduction 2 NIR Transducers 2.1 Structure and Tests of NIR Ammonia Transducers 2.2 Structure and Tests ofNIR pH Transducers 3 Quantum-chemical Calculations and General Rules 4 Influence of Matrix Quality on the Band Shape and Maximum Wavelength 5 Fibre-optic Distributed Sensors 6 Conclusions References Chapter 9 Piezo-Optical Dosimeters for Occupational and Environmental Monitoring KELLY R.BEARMAN, DAVID C.BLACKMORE, TIMOTHY J.N.CARTER, FLORENCE COLIN, STEVEN A.Ross, JOHN D.WRIGHT 1 Introduction 2 Calibration and Evaluation of New Badges 3 Badges for Formaldehyde Monitoring 4 Badges for Glutaraldehyde Monitoring 5 Badge for Monitoring Chlorine Dioxide 6 Badge for Monitoring Ozone 7 Badge for Monitoring Nitrogen Dioxide 8 Badge for Monitoring Styrene 9 Badge for Monitoring Ammonia 10 Multi-analyte Badges and the Minimisation of Interference 11 Fundamentals of the Piezo-optical Measurement 12 Future Development Prospects References Chapter 10 Interferometric Biosensors for Environmental Pollution Detection L.M.LECHUGA, F.PRIETO, B.SEPULVEDA 1 Background of Interferometer Biosensors 2 Optical Waveguides 2.1 Monomode Behaviour 2.2 Surface Sensitivity 3 Principle of Operation of Interferometric Sensors 3.1 Technology of Fabrication 4 Types of Interferometer Devices: State-of-the-Art 4.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer 4.2 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 4.3 Planar Versions 4.4 Integrated Versions 4.5 Young Interferometer 5 Surface Functionalization for Biosensing 6 Environmental Applications 7 Future Trends References Chapter 11 Fibre-optic Sensors for Humidity Monitoring MARIA C.MORENO-BONDI, GUILLERMO ORELLANA, MAXIMINO BEDOYA 1 Introduction 2 Definitions 3 Measurement of Humidity 3.1 Relative Humidity Monitoring 3.2 Dew Point Sensors 3.3 Measurement of Trace Moisture 3.4 Miscellaneous Humidity Sensors 4 Fibre-optic Humidity Sensors 4.1 Fibre-optic Sensors Based on Absorption Measurements 4.2 Fibre-optic Sensors Based on Luminescent Reagents 4.3 Optical Sensors Based on Variations of the Refractive Index 4.4 Fibre-optic Sensors Based on Changes in the Reflectivity of Thin Films 5 Calibration of Humidity Sensors 6 Conclusions References Chapter 12 Optical Sensing of pH in Low Ionic Strength Waters BEN R.SWINDLEHURST, RAMAIER NARAYANASWAMY 1 Introduction 2 OpticalpH Sensors 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Immobilisation by the Mannich Reaction and Manufacture of Sensing Film 3.2 Probe HeadDesign and Flow CelI Construction 4 Instrumentation 4.1 Choice of Wavelengths 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Variation of System Response between Films 5.2 Temperature Response 5.3 Longevity of Sensing Films 5.4 Effect of Ionic Strength List of Abbreviations References Chapter 13 Environmental and Industrial Optosensing with Tailored Luminescent Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes GUILLERMO ORELLANA, DAVID GARCIFRESNADILLO l Introduction 2 Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes 2.1 Light Absorption Features 2.2 Luminescence Features 2.3 Redox Features 2.4 Preparation 2.5 Physical Properties 2.6 Photochemistry 3 Acidity Sensors 4 Carbon Dioxide Sensors 5 Temperature Sensors 6 Oxygen Sensing with Luminescent Ru(II) Polypyridyl Dyes 6.1 Oxygen Optosensors 6.2 Luminescent Ru(II) Complexes as Oxygen Indicators 6.3 Polymer Support and Indicator Design 6.4 Luminescence Quenching Models in Heterogeneous Supports 6.5 Instrumentation Used in Oxygen Sensing with Ru(II) Dyes 6.6 Applications 7 Miscellaneous Sensors and Concluding Remarks List of Abbreviations and Symbols References Chapter 14 TIFR Array Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring KIM E.SAPSFORD, FRANCES S.LIGLER 1 Introduction to Biosensors 1.1 Biosensors for EnvironmentalApplications 2 Technical Aspects of Optical Array Biosensors 2.1 Optical Transduction Used in Array Biosensors 2.2 The Molecular Recognition Element 2.3 Immobilization of the Biomolecule to the Transducer 2.4 Creation of Low Density Biomolecular Arrays 3 State oftheArt 4 Miniaturization and Automation of Array Biosensors 5 The Future List of Abbreviations References Chapter 15 Optical Techniques for Determination and Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide in Industrial and Environmental Samples HANNES VORABERGER 1 Introduction 2 Direct Spectrometric Measurements of Hydrogen Peroxide 2.1 Hydrogen Peroxide in the Mid Infrared (Wavelength Range: 2.5-20 um) 2.2 Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Peroxide 2.3 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Peroxide 3 Indirect Spectrometric Measurements of Hydrogen Peroxide 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Formation of a Dye by Oxidative Coupling Reaction 3.3 Formation of a Dye by Oxidation of Leuco Dyes 3.4 Formation of a Colored or Fluorescent Complex 3.5 Destruction of a Dye 3.6 Chemiluminescence 3.7 Indirect Measurement by Quenching of Fluorescence by Molecular Oxygen 4 Conclusions References Subject Index
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