目录Contents 第一章 骨学总论 Introduction of the Osteology 1 第一节 骨学概述 General Survey of the Bone 1 一、骨的分类(Classification of the Bone) 3 二、骨的构造(Structure of the Bone) 4 三、骨的发育(Development of the Bone) 6 四、骨的功能(Function of the Bone) 7 五、骨的化学成分和物理特性(Chemical Composition & Physical Property of the Bone) 7 第二节 躯干骨 Bones of the Trunk 7 一、椎骨(The Vertebrae) 7 二、骶骨(The Sacrum) 11 三、尾骨(The Coccyx) 13 四、肋骨(The Ribs) 13 五、胸骨(The Sternum) 14 六、脊柱(The Vertebral Column) 15 第三节 颅骨 Bones of the Skull 16 一、颅骨上面(Superior Aspect of the Skull) 16 二、颅的侧面(Lateral Aspect of the Skull) 17 三、颅的前面(Anterior Aspect of the Skull) 17 四、颅底外面(External Surface of the Cranial Base) 20 五、颅底内面(Internal Surface of the Cranial Base) 21 六、下颌骨(The Mandible) 22 七、新生儿颅骨及其生后变化(Skull at Birth and Its Changes after Birth) 23 第四节 上肢骨 Bones of Upper Limb 24 一、锁骨(The Clavicle) 24 二、肩胛骨(The Scapula) 24 三、肱骨(The Humerus) 25 四、桡骨(The Radius) 26 五、尺骨(The Ulna) 27 六、手骨(The Bones of Hand) 28 第五节 下肢骨 Bones of the Lower Limb 33 一、髋骨(The Hip Bone) 33 二、股骨(The Femur) 34 三、髌骨(The Patella) 35 四、胫骨(The Tibia) 35 五、腓骨(The Fibula) 36 六、足骨(The Bones of Foot) 37 七、骨盆(The Pelvis) 41 第六节 骨学与法医骨学的关系 Relationship between Osteology and Forensic Osteology 41 一、法医骨学的定义(The Definition of the Forensic Osteology) 41 二、法医骨学在医学中的地位(The Position of the Forensic Osteology in Medicine) 41 三、法医骨学研究的内容(The Contents of the Forensic Osteology) 42 参考文献 43 第二章 骨骼的性别鉴定 Sexual Determination of the Bone 44 第一节 按骨骼的形态鉴定性别 Sexual Determination of the Bone by Morphology 44 一、髋骨的性别差异(Sexual Difference of the Hip Bone) 44 二、骶骨的性别差异(Sexual Difference of the Sacrum) 49 三、骨盆的性别差异(Sexual Difference of the Pelvis) 49 四、颅骨的性别差异(Sexual Difference of the Skull) 50 第二节 按指数鉴定骨骼性别 Sexual Determination of the Bone by Index 52 一、坐耻指数(The Ischium-pubic Index) 52 二、髂骨翼高指数(Index of the Iliac Wing’s Height) 53 三、骶骨底宽指数(Index of the Sacral Base and Breadth) 53 四、坐骨大切迹指数(Index of the Greater Sciatic Notch) 54 五、髋臼耻骨指数(The Acetabulum-pubic Index) 54 六、髋臼耻骨结节指数(Acetabulum Diameter/Pubic Tubercle-acetabular Rim Index) 54 七、 坐骨髋臼高/耻骨联合上缘至髋臼缘距指数(Ischium-acetabular Height/Pubic Symphysis-acetabular Rim Index) 54 第三节 按判别分析法鉴定骨骼性别 Sexual Determination of the Bones by Discriminant Function Analysis 55 一、颅骨性别的判别分析(Sexual Discriminant Function Analysis of the Skull) 55 二、上肢骨性别的判别分析(Sexual Discriminant Analysis from the Bones of Upper Limb) 60 三、下肢骨性别的判别分析(Sexual Discriminant Analysis from the Bones of Lower Limb) 66 四、全套骨的性别判别分析(Sexual Discriminant Analysis from the Whole Set of Bones) 74 五、胸骨的性别判别分析(Sexual Discriminant Analysis of the Sternum) 74 六、骶骨的性别判别分析(Sexual Discriminant Analysis of the Sacrum) 75 参考文献 75 第三章 骨骼的年龄鉴定 Age Estimation of the Skeleton 79 第一节 出生前的年龄推断 Age Estimation before Birth 79 一、胎儿四肢骨(Fetal Bones of the Limbs) 80 二、胎儿颅骨(The Fetal Skull) 81 第二节 出生后的年龄推断 Age Estimation after Birth 83 一、颅骨骨缝愈合的年龄推断(Age Estimation from the Synostosis of Cranial Sutures) 83 二、四肢骨的年龄推断(Age Estimation from the Bones of Limbs) 85 三、肋骨的年龄推断(Age Estimation from the Costal Bone) 120 四、胸骨的年龄推断(Age Estimation from the Sternum) 123 五、喉软骨骨化的年龄推断(Age Estimation from the Ossification of Laryngeal Cartilages) 124 六、根据牙齿推断年龄(Age Estimation from the Teeth) 127 七、分子生物学方法推断年龄(Age Estimation from the Method of Molecular Biology) 133 八、年龄鉴定要点(Focus Points of the Age Estimation from Bones) 133 参考文献 134 第四章 骨骼推算身高 Stature Estimation from the Bone 138 第一节 推算身高的基本知识 Basic Knowledge of the Calculation of Stature 138 一、相关系数(Coefficient of the Correlation) 138 二、直线回归方程(Equation of the Linear Regression) 138 三、影响身高的因素(Influential Factors of the Stature) 139 四、由骨推算身高的步骤(Steps of the Calculation of Stature from the Bone) 141 第二节 由四肢骨推算身高 Calculation of Stature from the Bones of Limbs 141 一、由上肢骨推算身高(Calculation of Stature from the Bones of Upper Limb) 142 二、由下肢骨推算身高(Calculation of Stature from the Bones of Lower Limb) 149 第三节 由躯干骨推算身高 Calculation of Stature from the Bones of Trunk 157 一、由椎骨推算身高(Calculation of Stature from the Vertebrae) 157 二、由胸骨推算身高(Calculation of Stature from the Sternum) 160 三﹑由骶骨推断身高(Calculation of Stature from the Sacrum) 161 第四节 由颅骨推算身高 Calculation of Stature from the Skull 161 一、由颅围推算身高(Calculation of Stature from the Cranial Circumference) 162 二、由下颌骨推算身高(Calculation of Stature from the Mandible) 162 第五节 身高的预测 Prediction of the Stature 162 一、 由父母身高推算子女的身高(Prediction of Children’s Stature from Their Parents’Statures) 162 二、自我身高的预测(Prediction of Stature from Oneself Stature) 163 第六节 我国人的身高 The Statures in Chinese 163 一、我国各省成人平均身高(Average Statures in Chinese by Provinces) 163 二、我国汉族成人平均身高(Average Statures in Chinese Han Nationality) 164 三、我国少数民族成人平均身高(Average Statures in Chinese National Minorities) 165 四、我国少数民族儿童的平均身高(Average Statures in Chinese National Minority’s Children) 167 五、我国未定民族的平均身高(Average Statures in Chinese Uncertain Nationalities) 169 六、 我国汉族城乡儿童的平均身高(Average Statures in Urban & Village of Han Nationality’s Children) 169 七、成年后分年龄组进行身高的测量(Measurements of the Adult Statures by Age-Group) 170 八、双生子身高的测量(Measurements of the Stature in Twins) 171 参考文献 172 第五章 骨骼测量学 The Osteometry 176 第一节 骨测量工具 Instruments of the Osteometry 177 一、径线测量工具(Instruments of the Measuring Bony Diamenter) 177 二、角度测量工具(Instruments of the Measuring Bony Angle) 178 三、弧、周的测量工具(Instruments of the Measuring Bony Arc and Circumference) 178 四、测骨盘(The Osteometric Board) 179 五、固定骨的工具(Instruments of the Fixing Bone) 179 六、描骨仪器(Instruments of the Drawing Bone) 180 七、身高测量仪(Instruments of the Measuring Stature) 180 八、水准仪(The Level) 181 九、下颌骨测量器(The Mandibulometer) 182 十、测腭器(The Palatometer) 182 十一、缩放尺(The Pantograph) 182 第二节 颅骨的测量 Measurements of the Skull 183 一、颅骨的测点(Measuring Points of the Skull) 183 二、颅骨的测量项目及国人数据(Measuring Items and Chinese Data of the Skull) 189 三、古人类颅骨的测量(Measurements of the Archeo-Skull) 290 第三节 颅骨指数及其分级 Cranial Indices and Their Classification 293 一、颅骨指数(Cranial Indices) 293 二、面指数(Facial Indices) 301 三、眶指数(Orbital Indices) 306 四、鼻指数(Nasal Indices) 309 五、腭指数(Palatal Indices) 312 六、下颌指数(Mandibular Indices) 314 第四节 躯干骨的测量及指数 Measurements & Indices of the Bones of Trunk 317 一、颈椎的测量(Measurements of the Cervical Vertebrae) 317 二、胸椎的测量(Measurements of the Thoracic Vertebrae) 337 三、腰椎的测量(Measurements of the Lumbar Vertebrae) 345 四、骶骨的测量(Measurements of the Sacrum) 356 五、胸骨的测量(Measurements of the Sternum) 364 六、肋骨的测量(Measurements of the Rib) 367 七、体骨指数及其分类(Indices of the Bones of Trunk & Their Classification) 368 第五节 上肢骨的测量及指数 Measurements & Indices of the Bones of Upper Limb 374 一、锁骨的测量(Measurements of the Clavicle) 374 二、肩胛骨的测量(Measurements of the Scapula) 378 三、肱骨的测量(Measurements of the Humerus) 385 四、桡骨的测量(Measurements of the Radius) 396 五、尺骨的测量(Measurements of the Ulna) 404 六、手骨的测量(Measurements of the Bones of Hand) 409 七、上肢骨测量要点(Focus Points of the Measuring Bones of Upper Limb) 421 八、上肢骨指数(Indices of the Bones of Upper Limb) 421 第六节 下肢骨的测量及指数 Mesurements and Indices of the Bones of Lower Limb 427 一、骨盆的测量(Measurements of the Pelvis) 427 二、髋骨的测量(Measurements of the Hip Bone) 430 三、股骨的测量(Measurements of the Femur) 439 四、髌骨的测量(Measurements of the Patella) 463 五、胫骨的测量(Measurements of the Tibia) 465 六、腓骨的测量(Measurements of the Fibula) 476 七、足骨的测量(Measurements of the Bones of Foot) 481 八、下肢骨测量要点(Focus Points of the Measuring Bones of Lower Limb) 498 九、下肢骨指数(Indices of the Bones of Lower Limb) 499 十、四肢骨的相互推算(Calculation of the Bone of Limbs Each Other) 512 十一、四肢长骨生物力学的测试(Tests of the Biomechanics of Long Limbs Bones) 513 参考文献 513 第六章 骨骼的观察 Observations of Bones 543 第一节 颅骨的观察 Observations of the Skull 543 一、颅顶形状(Shapes of the Calvaria) 543 二、颅的侧面分型(Types of the Skull from Lateral View) 545 三、颅骨的非对称性(Asymmetry of the Skull) 546 四、颅骨缝(Cranial Sutures) 546 五、眶区(Region of the Orbit) 553 六、鼻区(Region of the Nose) 566 七、鼻旁窦(Paranasal Sinus) 572 八、颞下区(Infratemporal Area) 576 九、口区(Region of the Mouth) 576 十、颧骨(Zygomatic Bone) 583 十一、颅底(Cranial Base) 585 十二、颅顶(Cranial Calvaria) 591 十三、耳区(Region of the Ear) 592 十四、翼区(Pterion) 601 十五、颅腔(Cranial Cavity) 606 十六、缝间骨(Sutural Bone) 610 十七、下颌骨(Mandible) 613 十八、牙齿(Teeth) 620 十九、古人类颅骨的特征(Characteristics of the Pleistocene Human Skull) 622 二十、新石器时代人类牙齿(Human Teeth in the Neolithic Age) 625 第二节 躯干骨的观察 Observations of the Bones of Trunk 625 一、椎骨(Vertebrae) 625 二、骶骨(Sacrum) 633 三、尾骨(Coccyx) 637 四、胸骨(Sternum) 637 五、肋骨(Rib) 638 第三节 上肢骨的观察 Observation of the Bones of Upper Limb 639 一、锁骨(Clavicle) 639 二、肩胛骨(Scapula) 642 三、肱骨(Humerus) 645 四、前臂骨的比较(Comparison of the Bones of Forearm) 648 五、桡骨(Radius) 648 六、尺骨(Ulna) 649 七、腕骨(Carpal Bones) 651 八、掌骨(Metacarpal Bones) 653 九、指骨(Phalanges) 655 十、籽骨(Sesamoid Bones) 656 第四节 下肢骨的观察 Observation of the Bones of Lower Limb 656 一、髋骨(Hip bone) 656 二、股骨(Femur) 658 三、髌骨(Patella) 660 四、胫骨(Tibia) 661 五、腓骨(Fibula) 664 六、跗骨(Tarsal Bones) 667 七、跖骨(Metatarsal Bones) 671 八、趾骨(Phalanges of Toe) 671 九、足籽骨(Sesamoid Bone of Foot) 673 十、腓肠肌籽骨(Fabella) 673 十一、下肢长骨比较(Comparison of the Bilateral Bones of Lower Limb) 674 参考文献 675 第七章 骨骼的种族和民族差异 Racial and Ethnic Difference of the Skeleton 694 第一节 世界的人种 Races of the World 694 一、颅骨的种族差异(Racial Difference of the Skull) 696 二、盆骨的种族差异(Racial Difference of the Pelvic Bones) 703 三、四肢骨的种族差异(Racial Difference of the Bones of Limbs) 704 第二节 我国的民族 Chinese Nationalities 708 一、头部的地区和民族差异(Ethnic and Regional Differences of the Head) 708 二、颅骨的地区和民族差异(Ethnic and Regional Differences of the Skull) 709 三、躯干骨的地区和民族差异(Ethnic and Regional Differences of the Bones of Trunk) 711 四、上肢骨的地区和民族差异(Ethnic and Regional Differences of the Bones of Upper Limb) 711 五、下肢骨的地区和民族差异(Ethnic and Regional Differences of the Bones of Lower Limb) 714 第三节 牙齿的人种和民族差异 Racial and Ethnic Differences of the Teeth 716 一、牙齿的种族差异(Racial Differences of the Teeth) 716 二、新石器时代人类牙齿(Human Teeth in the Neolithic Age) 716 参考文献 719 后记 Postscript 724 索引 Index 725