Contents Chapter 1 : Introduction1 1.1 Research background1 1.2 Research objective ,limits ,questions ,and significance3 1.3 Book organisation5 Chapter 2 : Public space in the age of consumption8 2.1 Introduction8 2.2 Conceptual foundation : changing‘publicness’of public space8 2.3 Historic experience: the changing nature of public space10 2.3.1 Cities‘of a golden age’10 2.3.2 Cities of marketplace11 2.3.3 Industrial cities12 2.3.4 Modern cities 13 2.3.5 Post-modern cities14 2.4 Contemporary debate : loss of public space?15 2.4.1 Key themes of place making in the age of consumption15 2.4.2 Critique of loss18 2.4.3 Counter arguments21 2.4.4 So to conclude :‘both constraining and enabling’24 2.5 Research gaps : critique of loss in China25 2.5.1 Critiques on China's CPDs 25 2.5.2 Potential gaps 26 2.6 Design response : normative measurements of good public space27 2.6.1 Fundamental rationale of place making in urban design27 2.6.2 Physical dimensions of good public space29 2.6.3 Social dimensions of good public space31 2.7 Conclusion35 Chapter 3 : Methodology37 3.1 Research questions and hypotheses37 3.2 Research strategy38 3.3 Historical analysis38 3.3.1 Preliminaries38 3.3.2 Research methods and process39 Review of existing urhan China researches39 Illustration analysis40 3.4 Rapid, qualitative survey40 3.4.1 Preliminaries40 3.4.2 Research methods and process41 Desk -hasedreview41 Rapid site ohservation42 Random interview43 3.5 Case study44 3.5.1 Preliminaries44 3.5.2 Research methods and process45 Desk-hased review45 Rapid site ohservation (pilot ohservation) plus random interview45 In-depth site ohservation plus random interview47 Semi-structured interview48 Chapter 4: Historical analysis: evolution of China’s urban space50 4.1 Introduction50 4.2 Epoch division50 4.3 Early traditional cities: representation of hierarchical social structure51 4.4 Late traditional cities: expansion of commercialisation54 4.5 Treaty-Port and Repuhlican-Era cities: emergence of new Western landscapes58 4.6 Pre-market cities: spatial generalisation hased on production63 4.7 Contemporary cities: re-specialisation led hy consumption69 4.8 Conclusion73 Chapter 5 : Survey : a rapid review of China’s four largest CPDs75 5.1 Introduction75 5.2 Traditional period: exclusion and marginalisation of puhlic space76 5.2.1 Potential exclusion of general puhlic uses , Wang Fujing and Nanjing Road76 5.2.2 Underdeveloped physical condition , Central Street and Xin Jiekou77 5.3 Treaty-Port and Repuhlican period: creating Western characters in puhlic space77 5.3.1 Transformed into an eclectic commercial milieu , Wang Fujing77 5.3.2 Radical redevelopment in Western line, Nanjing Road78 5.3.3 Initiative rooted from Western style , Central Street79 5.3.4 ‘Grafting of Western hud onto a Chinese tree',Xin Jiekou80 5.4 Pre-market period: deterioration of puhlic space 80 5.4.1 Retained as puhlic centres in a socialist way: Wang Fujing and Nanjing Road81 5.4.2 Politicised streets with less concern for puhlic realm: Central Street and Xin Jiekou84 5.5 Contemporary period: the impacts of new consumerism on puhlic space85 5.5.1 Radical revival of eclecticsocio-physical pattern , Wang Fujing86 5.5.2 New Western ideas :the‘Golden Line’,Nanjing Road90 5.5.3 Preserved street pattern andhenign management, Central Street95 5.5.4 Dominance of mega-structures ,Xin Jiekou 101 5.6 Conclusion106 Chapter 6 : Case study: designing and managing Jie Fangbei , Chongqing111 6.1 Introduction111 6.2 Jie Fangbei's image and early history112 6.2.1 The embodiment of a‘world city’112 6.2.2 Treaty-Port and Repuhlican period :from commercial street to political symhol115 6.2.3 Pre-market period: the socialist redevelopment between 1950s and 1970s 116 6.3 The first high-rise hoom between 1980s and the middle 1990s119 6.3.1 Functional transformations and their impact on the planning concern119 6.3.2 Four high-rise developments120 6.4 The first pedestrianisation, 1997125 6.4.1 The environmental exacerbation facilitated hy the high-rise boom125 6.4.2 The municipalisation of Chongqing and the economic analyses of the CPD strategy126 6.4.3 The 1997 Pedestrianisation Plan :five principles and four approaches126 6.4.4 Setting the street management byelaw128 6.4.5 One square and one street129 6.5 The second high-rise boom , 1998-2001 138 6.5.1 Increasing commercial potentials after the 1997 pedestrianisation138 6.5.2 Four high-rise developments139 6.6 The second pedestrianisation and street refurhishment ,2002-2010 146 6.6.1 The original trigger and two primary aims146 6.6.2 The Urhan Image Design on Yuzhong Peninsula 2002 147 6.6.3 The Jie Fangbei Urban Design Plan 2004149 6.6.4 The Wall Streetstrategy ,2007-2010 150 6.6.5 Two streets151 6.7 Relevant key dimensions159 6.7.1 Land use159 6.7.2 Resting/strolling localities and public facilities160 6.7.3 Control and surveillance162 6.8 Conclusion163 Chapter 7 : Conclusion166 7.1 Discussions and conclusions166 7.1.1 Comparative‘publicness’of public space166 7.1.2 Historical evolution of CPDs167 7.1.3 Place-making process of CPDs169 7.1.4 Physical and social evaluations of CPDs171 7.1.5 So to conclude: revising the research hypothesis175 7.2 Design and management recommendations176 7.3 Limitations and future researches180 References183 Appendix 1 : The location of Wang Fujing in Beijing193 Appendix 2 : The location of Nanjing Road in Beijing194 Appendix 3: The location of Central Street in Harbin195 Appendix 4 : The location of Xin Jiekou in Nanjing196 Appendix 5 : The selection of observation sites in Jie Fangbei 197 Appendix 6 : Daily in-and-out pedestrian amount of Zou Rong Road ,Jie Fangbei198 Appendix 7 : Interviewee list199 Appendix 8 : Interview questions200 List of figures Figure 1.1 The Fuzi Temple pedestrian district in Nanjing,2005 3 Figure 4.1 Grid-pattem layout of Chang'an(618-906)52 Figure 4.2 Avenue isolated by ward walls and ditches in Chang'an53 Figure 4.3 Common pattems of ward housing in Chang'an53 Figure4.4 Urban pattern of Kaifeng (960-1127)57 Figure 4.5 Qing Ming Shαng He Tu , Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127 )58 Figure 4.6 Fuxing Street, Chengdu , 1920s 59 Figure 4.7 N anjing Road , Shanghai , 1907 59 Figure 4.8 W oman spinning in doorway , Cheng 1905 Figure 4.9 Shamian Island in Guangzhou , 1890s61 Figure 4.10 Westernised streetcape in Shanghai, 1870s61 Figure 4.11 Bund area , Shanghai , 193062 Figure 4.12 Jiangwan Civic Centre Plan , Shanghai , 1929 63 Figure 4.13 Soviet mikrorayon model , 1950s65 Figure 4.14 Typical pattern of dαnweL65 Figure 4.15 The gate and high walls of a work-unit compound66 Figure 4.16 Work-unit compounds sprawling, Shanghai67 Figure 4.17 Street with political propaganda, Beijing, 1970s68 Figure 4.18 Political propaganda in the traditional area of Beijing, 1970s68 Figure 4.19 Political demonstration in Tian Anmen Square , Beijing , 1970s69 Figure 4.20 Remaining dαnwei compounds in Beijing ,20oos71 Figure 4.21 Beijing's new department store , 1984 71 Figure 4.22 Coexistence of pre-market legacy and new urban landscape , Shanghai72 Figure 5.1 Dong An Market in Beijing,1910s 78 Figure 5.2 Nanjing Road in Shanghai , 1920s-1930s79 Figure 5.3 Central Street in Harbin , 1930s79 Figure 5.4 Xin Jiekou Square in Nanjing, 1930s80 Figure 5.5 Wang Fujing in Beijing , 1960s81 Figure 5.6 Wang Fujing in Beijing, 1980s81 Figure 5.7 Political slogans in Nanjing Road , 1960s-1970s82 Figure 5.8 Traffic‘updates’in Nanjing Road ,1950s-1970s83 Figure 5.9 Nanjing Road became inefficient in supporting public uses83 Figure 5.10 Central Street in Harbin , 1950s84 Figure 5.11 Xin Jiekou in Nanjing , 1960s-1970s85 Figure 5.12 Street pattern of Wang Fujing87 Figure 5.13 Building composition of Wang Fujing88 Figure 5.14 The Snack-bar Street in Wang Fujing88 Figure 5.15 Public facilities and landscape elements in Wang Fujing89 Figure 5.16 Instruction board and security guards in Wang Fujing89 Figure 5.17 Public uses in Wang Fujing90 Figure 5.18 Street pattern of Nanjing Road91 Figure 5.19 Building composition of Nanjing Road92 Figure 5.20 The entrance park of Nanjing Road92 Figure 5.21 The historical buildings in Nanjing Road93 Figure 5.22‘Occasional’public uses in the colonnaded places , Nanjing Road93 Figure 5.23 Public uses within the Golden Line , Nanjing Road94 Figure 5.24 Public facilities in Nanjing Road94 Figure 5.25 Physical shortcomings of the Golden Line95 Figure 5.26 Street pattern of Central Street96 Figure 5.27 Public events in Central Street97 Figure 5.28 Homeless people in Central Street98 Figure 5.29 Skateboarders in Central Street98 Figure 5.30 Dogwalker in Central Street99 Figure 5.31 The‘handwriting square’in Central Street99 Figure 5.32 New building composition of Central Street100 Figure 5.33 The‘lateral’squares in Central Street100 Figure 5.34 The Jinling Hotel in Xin Jiekou , 1983 101 Figure 5.35 Street pattern of Xin Jiekou102 Figure 5.36 Building composition of Xin Jiekou104 Figure 5.37 Public space crowded with bicycle parking in Xin Jiekou104 Figure 5.38 1ρw provision of public facilities in Xin Jiekou105 Figure 5.39 Public events in Xin Jiekou105 Figure 5.40 Proposal for New Jinling Hotel by Atkins 106 Figure 5.41 The Xin Jiekou Square being dismanùed106 Figure 6.1 The Yuzhong Peninsula , Chongqing112 Figure 6.2 The Jie Fangbei CBD , Chongqing112 Figure 6.3 Fundamental constituent elements of Jie Fangbei CPD and observation sites 114 Figure 6.4 The Spiritual Fortress , Chongqing , 1940s115 Figure 6.5 The rebuilt Spiritual F ortress , 1946116 Figure 6.6 Socialist redevelopment in Jie Fangbei , 1950s-1970s117 Figure 6.7 Political meetings and parades in Jie Fangbei , 1950s-1970s118 Figure 6.8 Deteriorated public spaces in JieFangbei , 1970s118 Figure 6.9 Four building sites120 Figure 6.10 Chongqing Commerce Mansion121 Figure 6.11 New Century Mansion122 Figure 6.12 City of Dainty123 Figure 6.13 Yangtze Peninsula Mansion124 Figure 6.14‘Weekend car-free scheme’in Jie Fangbei , 1990s125 Figure 6.15 The 1997 Pedestrianisation Plan127 Figure 6.16 The Central Square site129 Figure 6.17 Physical setting of the Central Square130 Figure 6.18 Environment-protection event in the Central Square130 Figure 6.19 Public concert in the Central Square131 Figure 6.20 New Year count down in the Central Square131 Figure 6.21 Central Square , between 7 : 30 and 8 : 30 132 Figure 6.22 Central Square between 9 : 30 and 10: 30 132 Figure 6.23 Central Square between 13 :30 and 14 :30 133 Figure 6.24 Central Square between 17: 30 and 18: 30 133 Figure 6.25 Central Square between 19: 30 and 20: 30 133 Figure 6.26 The Min Quan Road site134 Figure 6.27 Physical setting of the Min Quan Road135 Figure 6.28 Min Quan Road between 7 : 30 and 8 : 30 136 Figure 6.29 Min Quan Road between 9 : 30 and 10 : 30 136 Figure 6.30 Min Quan Road between 13: 30 and 14 : 30 136 Figure 6.31 Min Quan Road between 17 :30 and 18 :30 137 Figure 6.32 Min Quan Road between 19: 30 and 20 : 30 137 Figure 6.33 F our building sites140 Figure 6.34 The Times Square141 Figure 6.35 The Xin Hua Bookstore142 Figure 6.36 Physical setting of the Land K.ing Plaza143 Figure 6.37 Observed activities in the Land King Plaza143 Figure 6.38 Physical setting of the Metropolitan Plaza144 Figure 6.39 Observed activities in the Metropolitan Plaza145 Figure 6.40 Proposal for the new Guo Tai Theatre redevelopment148 Figure 6.41 Five specific prescriptions for Jie Fangbei CPD149 Figure 6.42 The Ba Yi Road site151 Figure 6.43 Physical setting of the Ba Yi Road152 Figure 6.44 The Ba Yi Road between 7 :30 and 8 :30 152 Figure 6.45 The Ba Yi Road between 9 :30 and 10 :30 153 Figure 6.46 The Ba Yi Road between 13 :30 and 14 :30 153 Figure 6.47 The Ba Yi Road hetween 17 : 30 and 18 : 30 153 Figure 6.48 The Ba Yi Road hetween 19 :30 and 20 :30 154 Figure 6.49 The Min Zu Road (northeast end) site154 Figure 6.50 Physical setting of the Min Zu Road (northeast end)155 Figure 6.51 The Min Zu Road (northeast end) hetween 7 : 30 and 8 : 30 155 Figure 6.52 The Min Zu Road ( northeast end) hetween 9 : 30 and 10 : 30 156 Figure 6.53 The Min Zu Road( northeast end ) hetween 13 :30 and 14 :30 157 Figure 6.54 The Mi n Zu Road (northeast end) hetween 17 : 30 and 18: 30 157 Figure 6.55 The Min Zu Road ( no巾east end) hetween 19 :30 and 20 :30 158 Figure 6.56 Three types of restingl strolling localities in Jie Fangei160 Figure 6.57 Newspaper hoards gathering the people in Jie Fanghei162 Figure 6.58 Signs of control and surveillance in Jie Fanghei162 Figure 6.59 The illegal night market in Jie Fanghei163 List of tables Table5.1 Shop Style(s) and Number(s) ofWang Fujing 86 Table 5.2 Shop Style(s) and Number(s) of Nanjing Road94 Table 5.3 Shop Style(s) and Number(s) of Central Street97 Table 5.4 Shop Style(s) and Number(s) of Xin Jiekou103 Table 6.1 Economic analyses of CPD Plan126 Table 6.2 Five principles of 1997 Pedestrianisation Plan127 Table 6.3 Behaviours that are legally prohibited in Jie Fangbei CPD129 Table 6.4 Six principles of the Urban Image Design on Yuzhong Peninsula 2002 147 Table 6.5 Five prescriptions of the Jie Fangbei Urban Design Plan 2004 149 Table 6.6 Main Shop Style (s) and Number(s) of Jie Fangbei159 Table 6.7 Public Facility Element(s) and Number(s) of Jie Fangbei161