Contents 前言 Preface Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Rationale 1 1.2 Methodology and Data for the Research 4 1.2.1 Data Collection 5 1.2.2 Corpus Building 6 1.3 Data Analysis 7 1.3.1 Analysis Instruments 7 1.3.2 Analysis Procedures 8 Chapter 2 Linguistic Economy and Pragmatic Strategy 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Linguistic Economy 11 2.2.1 Origin of Linguistic Economy 11 2.2.2 Syntactic Economy 14 2.2.3 Pragmatic Economy 16 2.3 Pragmatic Strategy 19 2.3.1 Definition of Pragmatic Strategy 19 2.3.2 Classification of Pragmatic Strategies 21 2.4 Integration of Pragmatic Strategy with Linguistic Economy 24 2.5 Summary 26 Chapter 3 Motivation for Implementing Strategies of Pragmatic Economy in RAs 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Intention and Some Similar Words 29 3.2.1 Intention and Intentionality 29 3.2.2 Intention and Goal 31 3.3 Intentional Explanation of Meaning 34 3.3.1 Philosophical Orientation 34 3.3.2 Pragmatic Orientation 37 3.3.3 Discoursive Orientation 40 3.4 Scientific Communication 43 3.4.1 Scientific Discourse Community 43 3.4.2 Scientific Communication as Intentional Interaction 45 3.5 Intention, Meaning and Strategies for Pragmatic Economy 48 3.6 Summary 51 Chapter 4 The Carrier of Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 52 4.1 Introduction 52 4.2 Intentional Network of Discourse Meaning Formation 54 4.2.1 Concept of Intentional Network 54 4.2.2 Intentionality 56 4.2.3 Complexity 61 4.2.4 Three-dimension Dynamics 63 4.2.5 Cognitive Mechanism of Intentional Network 64 4.3 Definition of Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 66 4.4 Summary 69 Chapter 5 Explicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 70 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Definition of Explicit Pragmatic Strategies 71 5.3 Pragmatic Macro-structure Strategies 73 5.3.1 Definition of Pragmatic Macro-structure 73 5.3.2 Division of an RA into Sections 75 5.3.3 Length of RAs 79 5.3.4 Pragmatic Macro-structures of RA Sections 81 5.4 Thematic Organization Strategies 92 5.4.1 Thematic Choice 92 5.4.2 Thematic Progression 104 5.5 Information Manipulation Strategies 107 5.6 Meta-pragmatic Framing Strategies 111 5.7 Summary 115 Chapter 6 Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Definition of Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy 118 6.3 Pragmatic Presupposition Strategy 119 6.3.1 Pragmatic Presupposition and Pragmatic Strategy 119 6.3.2 Norminalization as Presupposition Trigger 121 6.4 Knowledge Structure Strategy 125 6.4.1 Schemata Strategy 126 6.4.2 Frame Strategy 130 6.5 Transitivity Structure 132 6.6 Shift of Information Attribution 136 6.7 Summary 143 Chapter 7 Integration of Explicit and Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 144 7.1 Introduction 144 7.2 Persuasion as Psychological Interaction 144 7.3 Persuasive Effect of Style 146 7.3.1 Persuasion and Style 146 7.3.2 Contextual Constraints on Style 148 7.4 Comprehensive Application of Strategies 153 7.5 Summary 157 Bibliography 158 Appendix 168 List of Tables Table 5.1 Pragmatic macro-structure of RAs across journals 76 Table 5.2 Examples of unconventional RA section headings 77 Table 5.3 Variability in the number of sections 79 Table 5.4 Absolute length of the sections across journals 79 Table 5.5 Three-move structure for the RA Introduction section (Swales, 1990)82 Table 5.6 Revised CARS model (Swales, 2004) 82 Table 5.7 Frequency of pragmatic macro-structure of the Introduction section in the corpus 84 Table 5.8 Pragmatic macro-structure of the Method section in the corpus 88 Table 5.9 Move structure for RA Results section (Brett, 1994)89 Table 5.10 Pragmatic macro-structure for the Discussion section 90 Table 5.11 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Results and Discussion section in the corpus 91 Table 5.12 Distribution of simple and multiple themes across sections 93 Table 5.13 Percentages and frequent cases of textual themes across sections 94 Table 5.14 Topical marked and unmarked themes across sections 98 Table 5.15 Percentages of contextual marked themes across sections 98 Table 5.16 Percentages of types of subject heads of unmarked themes across sections 100 Table 5.17 Frequency of specialized structures per 1000 words 109 Table 5.18 Metapragmatic markers across sections per 1000 words (% of total)115 Table 6.1 Frequency of norminalization in other-sourced reports per 1000 words 124 Table 6.2 Transitivity structure across sections 134 Table 6.3 Frequency of source types per 1000 words 140 Table 6.4 Frequency of reporting verbs per 1000 words in the self-sourced hidden clauses with a non-human subject 141 Table 6.5 Frequency of source types in other-sourced reports per 1000 words 142 List of Figures Figure 2.1 Direct Action (Leech, 1983) 22 Figure 2.2 Indirect Action (Leech, 1983) 23 Figure 2.3 Complex Indirect Action (Leech, 1983) 24 Figure 3.1 Intentional interaction in scientific communication 46 Figure 3.2 Intention, meaning and strategies for pragmatic economy 50 Figure 4.1 Intentional network of discourse meaning formation in RAs 56 Figure 4.2 The position of sentence connectors in academic English 60 Figure 4.3 Communicative intentions in the model text 60 Figure 4.4 Structural relations of communicative intentions in the model text 61 Figure 5.1 Structure of an experimental scientific article (Renkema, 1993) 75 Figure 5.2 Relative length of each section across journals 80 Figure 5.3 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Theoretical Analysis section 86 Figure 5.4 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Method section in the corpus 88 Figure 5.5 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Conclusions section in the corpus 92 Figure 5.6 Progressive cline of writer visibility 103 Figure 6.1 The origin of schemata (Swales, 1990) 127 Figure 6.2 Schemata used in discourse production 129 Figure 6.3 Frame for measurement environment of a device 132 Figure 6.4 Reporting sources 138 Figure 6.5 Frequency of clause types in self-sourced reports per 1000 words 140 Figure 7.1 Comprehensive application of strategies 155 List of Graphs Graph 5.1 Comparison of the general tendency of each section to appear in RAs across journals 81 Graph 5.2 Dynamics of unmarked themes 103
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