Contributing Authors Preface EARLY BIOMEMS MULTI-SENSOR NEUROPROBES 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EVOLUTION OF MICRO-SENSOR ARRAY DESIGNS FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 2.1 Electrical signal monitoring 2.2 Sensor Design Evolution：from 2D to 3D 2.3 Chamber Type of Electrochemical Oxygen Sensors 3. OTHER APPLICATIONS—THE FIRST MICRO-FLUIDIC DEVICE 4. CONCLUSION 5. REFERENCES MULTI-PARAMETER BIOMEMS FOR CLINICAL MONITORING 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BIOSENSORS 2.1 Principle of Biosensors 2.2 Amperometric Biosensors 3. CLINICAL MONITORING 3.1 Multi-analyte measurement 3.2 Micro-dialysis 3.3 BioMEMS for clinical monotoring 3.4 Multi-parameter monitoring 3.5 Applications 4. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 5. REFERENCES NEURAL IMPLANTS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE Interfacing neurons for neuro-modulation，limb control，and to restore vision-Part I 1. INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL IMPLANTS 2. ANATOMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS 2.1 Peripheral Nerve Anatomy 2.2 Mechanisms of Peripheral Nerve Damage 2.3 Excitability of Nerves 2.4 Electrical Modelling of the Nerve Membrane 2.5 Propagation of Action Potentials 2.6 Extra-cellular Stimulation of Nerve Fibres 2.7 Selective Activation of Nerve Fibres 3. CLINICAL IMPLANTS 3.1 Electrodes—The Key Component in Neural Prostheses 3.2 Cardiac Pacemakers 3.3 Implantable Defibrillators 3.4 Cochlea Implants 3.5 Phrenic Pacemakers 3.6 Grasp Neuroprostheses 3.7 Neuroprostheses for gait and posture 3.8 Spinal Root Stimulator 3.9 Drop Foot Stimulator 3.10 Neuro-modulation 3.11 Deep Brain Stimulation 3.12 Vagal Nerve Stimulation 4. REFERENCES BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES FOR NEURAL IMPLANTS Interfacing neurons for neuromodulation，limb control，and to restore vision-Part Ⅱ 1. THE CHALLENGE OF MICRO-IMPLANTS 2. VISION PROSTHESES 2.1 Cortical Vision Prostheses 2.2 Optic Nerve Vision Prosthesis 2.3 Retinal Implants 2.4 Conclusions on Vision Prostheses 3. PERIPHERERAL NERVE INTERFACES 3.1 Non-Invasive Nerve Interfaces 3.2 ‘Semi’-Invasive Interfaces 3.3 Invasive Interfaces 3.4 Biohybrid Approaches 4. FUTURE APPLICATIONS 4.1 Interfacing the Brain 4.2 Spinal Cord Implants 4.3 Multi-modal Neural Implants 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 6. NEURAL IMPLANTS：BOON OR BANE? 7. REFERENCES MICRO-FLUIDIC PLATFORMS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHAT IS A MICRO-FLUIDIC PLATFORM 3. EXAMPLES OF MICRO-FLUIDIC PLATFORMS 3.1 PDMS based Micro-fluidics for Large Scale Integration(‘Fluidigm platform’) 3.2 Micro-fluidics on a Rotating Disk(‘Lab on a Disk’) 3.3 Droplet based micro-fluidics(DBM) 3.4 Non-contact liquid dispensing 4. CONCLUSION 5. REFERENCES DNA BASED BIO-MICRO-ELECTRONIC MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The unique features of nucleic acids 1.2 Lab on the Chip 1.3 Biochemical reaction chains for integration：biosensors and the‘lab biochip’ 2. MICROARRAYS AND BIOCHIPS BASED ON DNA 2.1 The typical microarray experiment 2.2 Manufacturing of Microarrays 2.3 Transcription Analysis 2.4 Oligonucleotide Arrays for sequencing 2.5 Active arrays 2.6 Integrated PCR 3. NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGY：DNA AS MATERIAL 3.1 DNA directed immobilisation and nucleic acid tags 3.2 DNA for regular structures 3.3 DNA to structure surfaces 3.4 Metallisation of DNA for electronic circuits 4. REFERENCES SEPARATION AND DETECTION ON A CHIP 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THEORY OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS ON A CE CHIP 2.1 Mobility of ions 2.2 Electro-osmotic flow 3. JOULE HEATING IN MICROFABRICATED DEVICES 3.1 Separatione efficiency of a CE chip 3.2 Separation of biomacromolecules and particles 4. BUILDING BLOCKS OF CE CHIP DEVICES 4.1 Wafer materials，micromachining and Wafer bonding 4.2 Powers supplies，pumping，injection and channel geometries 4.3 Detection strategies 5. SELECTED EXAMPLES FOR CE ON A CHIP 6. DIELECTROPHORESIS 7. OUTLOOK 8. REFERENCES PROTEIN MICROARRAYS：TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. FORWARD PHASE PROTEIN MICROARRAYS 2.1 Protein Expression Analysis Using Protein Microarrays 2.2 Protein Interaction Microarrays 3. REVERSE MICROARRAYS 4. OUTLOOK 5. REFERENCES LAB-ON-A-CHIP SYSTEMS FOR CELLULAR ASSAYS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CHIPS FOR CELL BASED ASSAYS 3. CELL CULTURE ON CHIPS AND MICRO-FLUIDIC SYSTEMS 4. DETECTABLE CELLULAR OUTPUT SIGNALS 4.1 Cell Metabolism 4.2 Cell Morphology 4.3 Electrical Patterns 5. CELL MANIPULATION ON CHIPS 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 7. REFERENCES NETWORK ON CHIPS Spatial and temporal activity dynalmics of functional networks in brain slices and cardiac tissue 1. INTRODUCTION 2. TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND UNDERL YING ASSUMPTIONS 2.1 System requirements 3. ORIGIN OF THE SIGNAL RECORDED 4. SPATIAL RESOLUTION 5. IFP AND PLASTICITY 6. NETWORK DYNAMICS AND EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY 7. DRUG TESTING WITH MEAs 7.1 Using Network Properties as Endpoints in Drug Assays 7.2 Assessing Distributions of Neuronal Responses to Dopamine 7.3 Cardiopharmacology 8. DATA ANALYSIS 9. OUTLOOK 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11. REFERENCES BIO-NANO-SYSTEMS Overview and Outlook 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BASIC CONCEPTS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 2.1 Self-assembly 2.2 Optical properties of semiconducting nanocrystals 2.3 Optical properties of metal nanocrystals 2.4 Magnetic nanoparticles 2.5 Conjugation of nanomaterials and biomolecules 2.6 Bioanalysis with bio-nano-systems 2.7 Imaging 3. APPLICATIONS 3.1 DNA detection 3.2 Immuno assays 3.3 Imaging 4. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6. REFERENCES
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