目录 序一 Foreword 1 i 序二 Foreword 2 iii 前言 Preface v Contents 第一章 引言 Chapter One Introduction 1.1 人类头骨非测量特征定义与分类 2 Definition and classifications of the nonmetric traits of the human skull 1.2 非测量特征研究历史 6 History of the nonmetric trait studies 1.3 非测量特征的影响控制机制 8 The influence to the nonmetric traits 1.4 非测量特征的研究价值 14 The research values of the nonmetric traits 1.5 本书写作原则与导读 17 Guide to use the book 第二章 头盖部非测量特征 Chapter Two Nonmetric Traits of the Calvaria 2.1 颅骨轮廓形状（颅形）Cranial form 21 2.2 额中缝 Metopic suture, Metopism 25 2.3 鼻上缝 Supranasal suture (SPS) 29 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T viii raits of Human Skull 2.4 眶上神经沟 Supraorbital nerve groove 32 额沟 Frontal groove, Frontal sulcus 2.5 矢状脊 Sagittal keeling 34 2.6 顶孔 Parietal foramen 37 2.7 前囟后部凹陷 Postbregmatic depression (PBD) 39 2.8 顶间沟 Interparietal groove, Interparietal sulcus 41 2.9 顶孔至人字区平坦 Lambdoid flat 43 顶孔至人字区凹陷 Lambdoid depression 2.10 枕区突隆 Occipital bunning 46 2.11 翼区连接方式 Sutural variation at pterion 48 2.12 角圆枕 Angular torus 50 2.13 外耳道骨肿 External auditory exostosis 52 耳圆枕 Auditory torus 2.14 耳孔上凹 Suprameatal depression 54 耳孔上棘 Suprameatal spine 2.15 乳突大小 Mastoid process 56 2.16 乳突上脊 Supramastoid crest 58 2.17 乳突缝 Squamomastoid suture 60 2.18 乳突旁隆起 Juxtamastoid eminence, Paramastoid eminence 62 2.19 乳突切迹 Mastoid notch 64 二腹肌沟 Digastric groove 2.20 枕乳脊 Occipitomastoid crest 66 2.21 乳突孔 Mastoid foramen 67 2.22 乳突后隆起 Retromastoid process, Retromastoid tubercle 69 2.23 顶颞缝 Parietotemporal suture 71 2.24 颞线 Temporal line 72 2.25 枕外隆凸 External occipital protuberance 75 2.26 最上项线 Highest nuchal line, Supreme nuchal line 77 2.27 枕圆枕 Occipital torus 79 2.28 枕外脊 External occipital crest 82 2.29 枕项平面转折 Transition from the occipital plane to the nuchal plane 84 2.30 枕孔 Occipital foramen 86 2.31 枕横缝 Mendosal suture 88 星点间缝 Biasterionic suture 2.32 枕外隆凸上窝 Suprainiac fossa 90 枕外隆凸上凹陷 Suprainiac depression 2.33 茎突 Styloid process 92 2.34 岩鳞导管 Petrosquamous emissaries 94 2.35 颞骨鼓板粗壮度 Tympanic plate of the temporal bone 96 第三章 面部非测量特征 Chapter Three Nonmetric Traits on the Facial Bones 3.1 眼眶形状 Orbital shape (OBS) 99 3.2 眶上区形态变异 Morphological variations on the supraorbital region 104 3.3 眶上孔 Supraorbital foramen 110 眶上切迹 Supraorbital notch 3.4 眼眶外下缘 Inferolateral margin of the orbit 113 眼眶外下缘圆钝 Rounding of the inferolateral margin of the orbit 3.5 眶下孔 Infraorbital foramen 115 3.6 眶下缝 Infraorbital suture 118 3.7 鼻额缝与额颌缝的走向 Course of frontonasal suture and frontomaxillary suture 120 鼻额缝走向 Course of nasofrontal suture (NFS) 3.8 鼻梁冠状隆起 Profile of the nasal saddle and nasal roof 124 鼻骨轮廓 Nasal bone contour (NBC) 3.9 眉间至鼻根点凹陷 Profile of the infraglabellar notch 128 3.10 鼻骨形状 Shape of the nasal bones, Nasal bone shape (NBS) 130 3.11 梨状孔形状 Nasal aperture shape (NAS), pyriforme orifice shape 133 3.12 梨状孔下缘形态 135 Inferior margin of the nasal aperture, Inferior nasal aperture (INA) 3.13 鼻下窝 Subnasal fossa 141 3.14 鼻前棘 Anterior nasal spine (ANS) 143 3.15 鼻骨孔 Nasal foramen 146 3.16 颧三角 Zygomatic trigone 148 3.17 颧结节 Zygomatic (malar) tuberosity 150 3.18 颧颌缝下缘结节 152 Zygomaxillary tubercle, Malar tubercle (MT), Malar process 3.19 颧上颌缝 Zygomaxillary suture (ZS) 155 3.20 颧颌缝脊 Ridge on the zygomaxillary suture 157 3.21 颧横缝痕迹 Transverse zygomatic suture vestige 158 二分颧骨 Divided zygoma (DZ), Os zygomaticum bipartitum,Bipartite zygomatic bone 日本骨 Os japonicum 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T x raits of Human Skull 3.22 颧面孔 Zygomatico-facial foramen 163 3.23 犬齿窝 Canine fossa 165 3.24 上颌骨颧突下缘形态 Lower margin of cheek bones 167 颧切迹 Malar incisure 3.25 梨状孔外侧面隆凸 Bulging between orbit and pyriforme orifice 168 3.26 颧骨后结节 Posterior zygomatic tubercle (PZT) 170 颧骨缘突 Marginal process, Marginal tubercle 3.27 鼻骨前下端突起 Projection of the anterior extremity of the nasal bones 172 第四章 颅底部非测量特征 Chapter Four Nonmetric Traits on the Cranial Basal View 4.1 腭形 Palate shape (PS) 175 齿弓轮廓 Contour of the dental arcade and palate 4.2 门齿孔 Incisive foramen 178 4.3 腭圆枕 Palatine torus 180 4.4 上颌圆枕 Maxillary torus 183 4.5 腭横缝 Transverse palatine suture (TPS), Transverse palatomaxillary suture 185 4.6 腭骨桥 Palatine bridging 189 4.7 副腭小孔 Accessory lesser palatine foramen 191 腭小孔 Lesser palatine foramen 4.8 鞍桥 Clinoid bridging, Clino-clinoid bridge, Sella bridges, Ponticuli sellae 194 4.9 翼棘桥 Pterygospinous bridge 196 翼棘孔 Pterygospinous foramen 斯维尼孔 Foramen of Civinini 赫依特孔 Foramen of Hyrtl 4.10 颅咽管 Craniopharyngeal canal 199 4.11 咽部窝 Pharyngeal fossa 201 4.12 咽部突（咽结节）Pharyngeal tubercle 203 4.13 卵圆孔–棘孔变异 Variants of oval foramen - spinous foramen 205 4.14 鼓板开裂 Tympanic dehiscence 210 胡施克孔 Foramen of Huschke 4.15 舌下神经管骨桥 Hypoglossal canal bridged 213 二分舌下神经管 Hypoglossal canal double 4.16 颈动脉孔外口 External opening of the carotid canal 216 鼓小管下口 Apertura inferior canaliculi tympanici 4.17 颈静脉孔骨桥 218 Bony bridging of jugular foramen, Jugular foramen bridging 4.18 髁前结节 Precondylar tubercle or process 221 4.19 髁旁突 Paracondylar process 224 4.20 第三髁 Third occipital condyle 226 枕–枢椎关节面 Condylus tertius, Odonto-occipital articulation 4.21 基底中央孔（基底中央管）Median basilar canal 228 4.22 二分枕髁关节面 Condylar facet double, Double condylar facet 230 4.23 髁后管（髁后孔） 232 Condylar canal (foramen), Postcondylar canal, Posterior condylar canal 4.24 髁间管 Lateral condylar canal 234 髁中间管 Intermediate condylar canal 髁旁孔 Paracondylar foramen 4.25 枕骨大孔形状 Shape of the foramen magnum 236 4.26 静脉窦系统 Venous sinuses system 238 第五章 缝间骨 Chapter Five Sutural Bones 5.1 前囟骨 Bregmatic bone 243 前囟小骨 Ossicle at bregma, Fontanelle ossicle 5.2 冠状缝小骨 Coronal ossicle 246 5.3 矢状缝间骨 Sagittal suture bone 248 矢状缝小骨 Sagittal suture ossicle 5.4 人字点骨 Apical bone 251 人字点小骨 Ossicle at lambda, Os apicis 5.5 人字缝间骨 Lambdoid bone 254 人字缝小骨 Lambdoid ossicle 5.6 印加骨 Inca bone, Os Incae 256 5.7 顶切迹骨 Parietal notch bone 261 5.8 星点骨 Asterionic bone 264 星点小骨 Ossicle at asterion 5.9 枕乳缝间骨 Occipitomastoid ossicle, Occipitomastoid wormians 267 5.10 翼上骨 Epiteric bone 270 5.11 颞鳞骨 Squamous bone 273 颞鳞小骨 Squamous ossicle, Temporo-squamous ossicle (TESO) 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xii raits of Human Skull 5.12 额中小骨 Metopic ossicle, Metopic fontanelle 275 额中裂缝 Metopic fissure 第六章 下颌骨非测量特征 Chapter Six Nonmetric Traits of the Mandible 6.1 下颌联合颊侧面 Buccal Aspect of the Mandibular Symphysis 279 6.1-1 中央脊 Central keel 280 6.1-2 联合结节 Symphyseal tubercle, Tuber symphysis 282 6.1-3 侧结节 Lateral tubercle 283 6.1-4 颏窝 Mental fossa 284 6.1-5 下颌联合前部弯曲 Anterior symphyseal incurvature 286 6.1-6 下颌联合前部倾角 Anterior symphyseal angle 287 6.1-7 颏隆凸 Mentum osseum 288 下巴 Chin 6.1-8 颏下切迹 Submental incisure 292 6.2 下颌联合舌侧面 Lingual Aspect of the Mandibular Symphysis 293 6.2-1 齿槽平台 Alveolar planum 294 6.2-2 上横圆枕 Superior transverse torus 296 6.2-3 下横圆枕 Inferior transverse torus 297 6.2-4 颏舌窝 Genioglossal fossa 298 6.2-5 二腹肌窝 Digastric fossa 299 6.2-6 齿槽颏孔 Alveolar mental foramen 300 副齿槽颏孔 Accessory alveolar foramina 6.2-7 下颌联合舌侧面中央纵沟 Median groove 302 下颌联合舌侧面旁矢状纵沟 Parasagittal groove 6.2-8 颏结节 Genial tubercle 304 颏棘 Mental spine 6.2-9 颏舌孔 Genial foramina, Genioglossal foramen 307 6.3 下颌体颊侧面 Buccal Aspect of the Mandibular Corpus 309 6.3-1 侧隆起 Lateral prominence 310 6.3-2 上侧圆枕 Lateral superior torus 312 6.3-3 边缘圆枕 Marginal torus 313 6.3-4 圆枕间沟 Intertoral sulcus 314 6.3-5 前边缘结节 Anterior marginal tubercle 315 6.3-6 后边缘结节 Posterior marginal tubercle 316 6.3-7 颏孔位置与数量 Number and position of mental foramen 317 6.3-8 摇椅型下颌 Rocker jaw 319 6.3-9 臼齿外沟 Extramolar sulcus 322 6.3-10 臼齿后空间 Retromolar space 323 6.4 下颌体舌侧面 Lingual Aspect of the Mandibular Corpus 325 6.4-1 下颌圆枕 Mandibular torus 326 6.4-2 下颌下窝 Submandibular fossa 329 6.4-3 舌骨肌线 Mylohyoid line 330 6.4-4 齿槽隆凸 Alveolar prominence 331 6.5 下颌支外侧面 External Aspect of the Mandibular Ramus 332 6.5-1 下颌切迹对称性 Mandibular notch symmetry 333 6.5-2 髁突相对冠突高度 Condyle height relative to the coronoid 335 6.5-3 下颌切迹相对髁突位置 336 Position of the mandibular notch relative to the condyle 6.5-4 髁突外侧脊 Ectocondyloid crest (crista) 337 6.5-5 髁突颊侧下结节 Lateral subcondyloid tubercle 338 6.5-6 下颌支侧隆起 Lateral ramus eminence 339 6.5-7 髁突下窝 Subcondylar fossa 340 6.5-8 咬肌窝 Masseteric fossa 341 6.5-9 下颌角后缘形态 Posterior gonial morphology 342 下颌角外翻 Gonial eversion 6.5-10 下颌角前切迹 Antegonial notch, Preangular mandibular notch 343 6.6 下颌支内侧面 Medial Aspect of the Mandibular Ramus 344 6.6-1 冠突内脊 Endocoronoid crest 345 6.6-2 髁突内脊 Endocondyloid crest 347 6.6-3 冠突髁突内脊间三角平台（窝） 348 Triangular planum, Triangular fossa 6.6-4 翼肌上结节 349 Superior pterygoid tubercle, Tuberculum pterygoideum superius (tps) 6.6-5 翼肌下结节 350 Tuberculum pterygoideum inferius (tpi), Inferior pterygoid tubercle 6.6-6 翼内肌结节 Medial pterygoid tubercle (MPT) 351 翼内肌上结节 Superior medial pterygoid tubercle 6.6-7 翼肌粗隆 Pterygoid tuberosoties 353 6.6-8 翼肌窝 Pterygoid fossa 354 6.6-9 下颌孔 Mandibular foramen 355 6.6-10 副下颌孔 Accessory mandibular foramen 356 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xiv raits of Human Skull 6.6-11 下颌舌骨沟 Mylohyoid groove 357 下颌舌骨沟桥 Mylohyoid bridging 6.6-12 臼齿后孔 Retromolar foramen 360 罗宾逊孔 Robosin canal 第七章 非测量特征采集与数据分析方法 Chapter Seven Data Collection and Analysis Methods of the Nonmetric Traits 7.1 观测标本的选择 Selection of the specimens 362 7.2 非测量特征的选择 Selection of the nonmetric traits 363 7.3 非测量特征数据的采集 Nonmetric traits data collection 364 7.4 观察者误差的评估 Evaluation of the observer’s errors 365 7.5 数据初步分析 Preliminary data analysis 366 7.6 人群关系分析 Analysis of population relationship 370 7.7 序列等级特征有/无判断的参考标准 373 Reference criteria of nonmetric traits assessment 第八章 非测量特征在研究中的应用 Chapter Eight Applications of Nonmetric Traits 8.1 人类演化 Human evolution 380 8.2 人群关系及微观演化 Population relationships and microevolution 381 8.3 功能及环境适应 Functional and environmental adaptation 384 8.4 个体鉴定与识别 Individual identification 386 参考文献 References 387 索引 Subject Index 405 后记 Postscript 415 图2-Ⅰ 颅骨前面观（A）、后面观（B）和顶面观（C）， 20 展示部分头盖部非测量特征 Figure 2-Ⅰ Anterior (A), posterior (B) and superior views (C) of calvaria showing some cranial nonmetric traits 图2-Ⅱ 颅骨侧面观，展示部分头盖部非测量特征 20 Figure 2-Ⅱ Lateral view of a cranium showing some cranial nonmetric traits 图2.1-1 颅骨前面观，展示颅顶外轮廓形状 21 Figure 2.1-1 Anterior view of the crania showing the contour shape at the top of the crania 图2.1-2 颅骨后面观，展示侧壁外轮廓形状 21 Figure 2.1-2 Posterior view of the crania showing the contour shape at the lateral walls 图2.1-3 颅骨顶面观，展示颅顶面外轮廓形状 22 Figure 2.1-3 The contour shape of the crania in superior view 图2.2-1 颅骨前面观，展示额中缝类型 25 Figure 2.2-1 Anterior view of the crania showing the expression types of the metopic suture 图2.2-2 额中缝的形态 26 Figure 2.2-2 The shapes of the metopic suture 图2.2-3 部分额中缝的三种表现类型 26 Figure 2.2-3 Three types of the partial persistence of the metopic suture 图2.3-1 鼻上缝（A）和额中缝（B） 29 Figure 2.3-1 Supranasal suture (A) and metopic suture (B) 图2.3-2 鼻上缝的形状变异 30 Figure 2.3-2 The variants of the supranasal suture shape 图2.3-3 鼻上缝类型（根据愈合程度） 30 Figure 2.3-3 The types of supranasal suture according to the degree of persistence 插图目录 List of Figures 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xvi raits of Human Skull 图2.4 眶上神经沟的不同表现 32 Figure 2.4 Different expressions of supraorbital nerve grooves 图2.5-1 颅骨顶侧面观，展示额矢状脊和顶矢状脊 34 Figure 2.5-1 Superior-lateral view of the skull showing the frontal and sagittal keelings 图2.5-2 矢状脊表现形式 35 Figure 2.5-2 Different expressions of sagittal keeling 图2.6 顶孔的变异 37 Figure 2.6 The variants of the parietal foramen 图2.7 前囟后部凹陷的表现 39 Figure 2.7 The expressions of postbregmatic depression 图2.8-1 顶间沟类型，按照发育程度 41 Figure 2.8-1 Types of interparietal groove according development 图2.8-2 顶间沟类型，按照出现位置 42 Figure 2.8-2 Types of interparietal groove according positions 图2.9-1 顶孔至人字区的形态变异 43 Figure 2.9-1 The morphology variants from the parietal foramen to the lambda region 图2.9-2 顶孔至人字区平坦不同表现 44 Figure 2.9-2 The variants of lambdoid flat 图2.10 颅骨左侧观，展示枕区突隆 46 Figure 2.10 Lateral view of the crania showing the occipital bunning 图2.11 翼区连接方式 48 Figure 2.11 The articulation variants of the pterion region 图2.12 角圆枕的变异 50 Figure 2.12 The variants of angular torus 图2.13-1 外耳道骨肿的变异 52 Figure 2.13-1 The variants of external auditory exostosis 图2.13-2 外耳道骨肿的表现 53 Figure 2.13-2 The expression of external auditory exostosis 图2.14-1 耳孔上凹（A）、耳孔上棘（B）及两者都存在（C） 54 Figure 2.14-1 Suprameatal depression (A), suprameatal spine (B) and both present (C) 图2.14-2 耳孔上棘与耳孔上凹的变异 55 Figure 2.14-2 The variants of the suprameatal depression and suprameatal spine 图2.15 乳突大小变异 56 Figure 2.15 The size variants of mastoid process 图2.16 乳突上脊的变异 58 插图目录 List of Figures xvii Figure 2.16 The variants of the supramastoid crest 图2.17-1 乳突缝的变异 60 Figure 2.17-1 The variants of squamomastoid suture 图2.17-2 乳突缝的不同表现 61 Figure 2.17-2 Degrees of persistence of a squamomastoid suture 图2.18-1 颅骨底部观，展示乳突后部的三个特征 62 Figure 2.18-1 Basal view of the cranium showing the three traits posterior to the mastoid process 图2.18-2 乳突旁隆起的变异 63 Figure 2.18-2 The variants of the juxtamastoid eminence 图2.19 乳突切迹的变异 64 Figure 2.19 The variants of mastoid notch 图2.20 枕乳脊的变异 66 Figure 2.20 The variants of occipitomastoid crest 图2.21 乳突孔的变异 68 Figure 2.21 The variants of mastoid foramen 图2.22-1 颅骨底面观，展示乳突后隆起在项平面上的位置 69 Figure 2.22-1 Basal view of the cranium showing the retromastoid process on the nuchal plane 图2.22-2 乳突后隆起的表现 70 Figure 2.22-2 The expression of retromastoid process 图2.23 颅骨侧面观，展示顶颞缝的变异 71 Figure 2.23 Lateral view of the crania showing the variants of parietotemporal suture 图2.24-1 颅骨侧面观，展示颞线的走向 72 Figure 2.24-1 Lateral view of the crania showing the extension direction of the temporal line 图2.24-2 颅骨侧面观，展示两颞线的宽度 72 Figure 2.24-2 Lateral view of the crania showing the width between the two temporal lines 图2.24-3 颅骨侧面观，展示颞线的发育程度 73 Figure 2.24-3 Lateral view of the crania showing the development degree of the temporal line 图2.24-4 颅骨侧面观，展示颞线的粗糙度 73 Figure 2.24-4 Lateral view of the crania showing the roughness of the temporal line 图2.24-5 颅骨后侧面观，展示颞线末端的位置 74 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xviii raits of Human Skull Figure 2.24-5 Posterolateral view of the crania showing the position of the end of the temporal line 图2.25 枕骨侧面观，展示枕外隆凸的变异 75 Figure 2.25 Lateral view of the occipital bone showing the variants of external occipital protuberance 图2.26 枕骨后面观，展示最上项线的变异 77 Figure 2.26 Posterior view of the occipital bone showing the variants of the highest nuchal line 图2.27 枕骨后面观，展示枕圆枕的变异 79 Figure 2.27 Posterior view of the occipital bone showing the variants of occipital torus 图2.28 枕骨后面观，展示枕外脊的变异 82 Figure 2.28 Posterior view of the occipital bone showing the variants of external occipital crest 图2.29 枕骨侧面观，展示枕项平面转折的变异 84 Figure 2.29 Lateral view of the occipital bone showing the variants of transition from occipital to nuchal plane 图2.30 枕骨大孔前缘观，展示枕孔的变异 86 Figure 2.30 The region anterior to the foramen magnum showing the variants of occipital foramen 图2.31-1 颅骨后面观图绘，展示枕横缝的位置变异 88 Figure 2.31-1 The posterior view of the crania drawing showing the variants of mendosal suture 图2.31-2 枕骨左侧面观，展示枕横缝的变异 89 Figure 2.31-2 Left lateral view of the occipital bones showing the variants of mendosal suture 图2.32-1 更新世古人类枕骨，展示枕外隆凸上窝的表现 90 Figure 2.32-1 Occipital bones of the Pleistocene hominins showing the expression of the suprainiac fossa 图2.32-2 现代人颅骨后面观，展示枕外隆凸上凹陷的变异 91 Figure 2.32-2 Posterior view of the modern human crania showing the variants of suprainiac depression 图2.33-1 颅骨底面观，展示茎突位置 92 Figure 2.33-1 Basal view of the cranium showing the position of styloid process 图2.33-2 颅骨底面观，展示枕骨大孔左侧茎突的变异 93 Figure 2.33-2 Basal views of the crania showing the variants of styloid process on the left side of foramen magnum 图2.34 岩鳞导管的不同表现 94 Figure 2.34 Different expressions of the petrosquamous emissaries 图2.35 颞骨鼓板发育情况 96 Figure 2.35 The development of the tympanic plate of the temporal bone 图3-Ⅰ 颅骨前面观，展示部分面部非测量特征 98 Figure 3-Ⅰ Anterior view of the cranium showing some nonmetric traits on the facial bones 图3-Ⅱ 颅骨前侧面观，展示部分面部非测量特征 98 Figure 3-Ⅱ Anterolateral view of the cranium showing some nonmetric traits on the facial bones 图3.1-1 眼眶形状的四种类型 99 Figure 3.1-1 The four categories of the orbital shape 图3.1-2 根据上眶缘、上侧角和下眶缘的走向计数的眼眶形状的方法 100 Figure 3.1-2 Scoring of orbital shape through the relative inclination of the superior, lateral and inferior orbital elements 图3.1-3 根据眼眶边缘形态对眼眶形状分类的三个类型 100 Figure 3.1-3 The three categories of orbital shape through the orbital margin 图3.1-4 眼眶形状分类的六个类型 101 Figure 3.1-4 The six categories of the orbital shape 图3.2-1 眶上区域的一些非测量性状 104 Figure 3.2-1 Some nonmetric traits on the supraorbital region 图3.2-2 眉脊发育程度的五种类型 105 Figure 3.2-2 The five categories of the development degree of supraorbital ridges 图3.3-1 眶上孔和眶上切迹 110 Figure 3.3-1 Supraorbital foramen and supraorbital notch 图3.3-2 眶上孔（眶上切迹）位置的变异 111 Figure 3.3-2 The variants in the position of supraorbital foramen or supraorbital notch 图3.3-3 眶上孔（眶上切迹）数量和形态的变异 111 Figure 3.3-3 The variants in the number and morphology of supraorbital foramen or supraorbital notch 图3.4 眼眶外下缘圆钝的三个类型 113 Figure 3.4 The three categories in the development degree of inferolateral margin of the orbit 图3.5-1 眶下孔不同表现类型 115 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xx raits of Human Skull Figure 3.5-1 Different expressions of the infraorbital foramen 图3.5-2 眶下孔的变异 116 Figure 3.5-2 The variants of the infraorbital foramen 图3.6-1 眶下缝的三种类型 118 Figure 3.6-1 Diagram showing the three categories of the infraorbital suture 图3.6-2 眶下缝的变异 119 Figure 3.6-2 The variants of the infraorbital suture 图3.7-1 额鼻缝与额颌缝的走向变异 120 Figure 3.7-1 The variants in the course of frontonasal and frontomaxillary sutures 图3.7-2 额鼻缝和额颌缝的高度变异 121 Figure 3.7-2 The variants in the height of frontonasal and frontomaxillary suture 图3.7-3 额鼻缝和额颌缝相交的形态 121 Figure 3.7-3 The variants of the intersection between frontonasal and frontomaxillary suture 图3.7-4 鼻额缝的四个类型 122 Figure 3.7-4 The four categories of the shape of nasofrontal suture 图3.8-1 鼻梁冠状隆起的不同表现 124 Figure 3.8-1 The variants of profile of the nasal saddle and nasal roof 图3.8-2 鼻骨轮廓的分类级别 125 Figure 3.8-2 Diagrammatic representations showing the different states of the nasal bone contour 图3.9 眉间至鼻根点凹陷 128 Figure 3.9 Profile of the infraglabellar notch 图3.10-1 鼻骨形状的分类 130 Figure 3.10-1 The types of nasal bone shape 图3.10-2 鼻骨形状的分类 131 Figure 3.10-2 Photographic exemplars of the different types of nasal bone shape 图3.11 梨状孔形状的分类 133 Figure 3.11 Diagrammatic representations and variants of the nasal aperture shape 图3.12-1 梨状孔下缘形态变异 135 Figure 3.12-1 The variants of morphology of inferior nasal aperture 图3.12-2 图示梨状孔下缘形态的分类 136 Figure 3.12-2 Diagrammatic representation of the variants of inferior nasal aperture 图3.12-3 梨状孔下缘形态结构 137 Figure 3.12-3 The anatomic features of the inferior margin of the nasal aperture 图3.12-4 梨状孔下缘的形态变异 138 插图目录 List of Figures xxi Figure 3.12-4 The variants of the inferior margin of the nasal aperture 图3.13 鼻下窝不同类型 141 Figure 3.13 The variants of the subnasal fossa 图3.14 鼻前棘的变异 143 Figure 3.14 Diagrammatic representations and variants of the anterior nasal spine 图3.15-1 鼻骨孔数量的变异 146 Figure 3.15-1 The variants in the number of nasal foramina 图3.15-2 鼻骨孔位置的变异 147 Figure 3.15-2 The variants in the position of nasal foramina 图3.15-3 鼻骨孔大小的变异 147 Figure 3.15-3 The variants in the size of nasal foramen 图3.16 颧三角的分级 148 Figure 3.16 The classification types of the zygomatic trigone 图3.17 颧结节的四种类型 150 Figure 3.17 The four types of zygomatic tuberosity 图3.18-1 颧颌缝下缘结节的分级类型 152 Figure 3.18-1 Diagrammatic representation of different character states of zygomaxillary tubercle 图3.18-2 颧颌缝下缘结节的分级类型 153 Figure 3.18-2 The different character states of zygomaxillary tubercle 图3.19 颧上颌缝的分类 155 Figure 3.19 The character states of zygomaxillary suture 图3.20 颧颌缝脊的三个类型 157 Figure 3.20 The three categories of the ridge on the zygomaxillary suture 图3.21-1 分隔颧骨的四种类型 159 Figure 3.21-1 The four categories of transverse zygomatic suture vestige 图3.21-2 图示颧横缝痕迹的各种变异 159 Figure 3.21-2 Graphical representation the variants of the transverse zygomatic suture vestige 图3.21-3 图示完全类型分隔颧骨的各种表现 160 Figure 3.21-3 The variants of complete sutural division of the zygomatic bone 图3.21-4 仅仅出现在颧骨内面的二分颧骨 162 Figure 3.21-4 Divided zygoma only occurs at inner surface of the zygomatic bone 图3.22-1 颧面孔的不同表现类型 163 Figure 3.22-1 The variants of the zygomatico-facial foramen 图3.22-2 颧面孔位置的变异 164 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xxii raits of Human Skull Figure 3.22-2 The variants in the position of the zygomaticofacial foramina 图3.23 犬齿窝的不同表现 165 Figure 3.23 The variants of the canine fossa 图3.24 上颌骨颧突下缘形态的变异 167 Figure 3.24 The variants in the lower margin of cheek bones 图3.25 梨状孔外侧面隆凸的变异 168 Figure 3.25 The variations of the bulging between orbit and pyriforme orifice 图3.26 颧骨后结节突起的不同类型 170 Figure 3.26 The variants of posterior zygomatic tubercle 图3.27 鼻骨前下端突起不同类型 172 Figure 3.27 The types of projection of the anterior extremity of the nasal bones 图4-Ⅰ 颅骨底面观部分非测量特征 174 Figure 4-Ⅰ Basal view of cranium showing some nonmetric traits 图4-Ⅱ 颅骨内面观部分非测量特征 174 Figure 4-Ⅱ Internal view of cranium showing some nonmetric traits 图4.1-1 齿弓形状的三个类型 175 Figure 4.1-1 Three character states of contour of the dental arcade and palate 图4.1-2 腭形（齿弓轮廓）的四个类型 176 Figure 4.1-2 Four character states of contour of the dental arcade and palate 图4.2-1 硬腭面展示门齿孔（A）及上颌骨切面展示门齿管（B） 178 Figure 4.21-1 The palatine showing the incisive foramen (A) and incisive canal (B) 图4.2-2 门齿孔的不同类型 179 Figure 4.2-2 The variants of the incisive foramens 图4.3 腭圆枕的四个类型 180 Figure 4.3 The four categories of the palatine torus 图4.4-1 上颌骨底面和侧面观，展示上颌圆枕 183 Figure 4.4-1 Basal and lateral views of the maxilla showing the maxillary torus 图4.4-2 上颌圆枕的不同表现 183 Figure 4.4-2 The variant of the maxillary torus 图4.5-1 腭横缝的四个类型 185 Figure 4.5-1 The four character states of the transverse palatine suture 图4.5-2 腭横缝变异的九个类型 186 Figure 4.5-2 The nine categories of the transverse palatine suture 图4.5-3 腭横缝的四个类型 187 Figure 4.5-3 The four categories of the transverse palatine suture 图4.6-1 腭骨桥的不同类型 189 插图目录 List of Figures xxiii Figure 4.6-1 The variant of palatine bridging 图4.6-2 硬腭底面观展示腭骨桥的位置 190 Figure 4.6-2 The inferior surface of the hard palate showing the location of palatine bridging 图4.7-1 副腭小孔的形态和位置 191 Figure 4.7-1 The variant in position and shape of the lesser palatine foramen 图4.7-2 副腭小孔的变异 192 Figure 4.7-2 The variant of the lesser palatine foramen 图4.8 鞍桥的不同表现 194 Figure 4.8 Different expressions of clino-clinoid bridge 图4.9-1 蝶骨基底骨桥的不同表现 196 Figure 4.9-1 The variants of the basal sphenoid bridging 图4.9-2 蝶骨基底骨桥的不同表现 197 Figure 4.9-2 Different expressions of the basal sphenoid bridging 图4.10 永久颅咽管 199 Figure 4.10 Persistent craniopharyngeal canal 图4.11 颅骨底部观，展示咽部窝的不同表现 201 Figure 4.11 Basal view of crania showing variants of the pharyngeal fossa 图4.12-1 颅骨底面观，展示咽部突的不同表现 203 Figure 4.12-1 Basal view of crania showing different expressions of the pharyngeal tubercle 图4.12-2 颅骨底部侧面观，展示咽部突的不同表现 204 Figure 4.12-2 Lateral basal view of crania showing different expressions of the pharyngeal tubercle 图4.13-1 颅骨底面观，显示卵圆孔的形态变异 205 Figure 4.13-1 Basal view of the crania showing the variants of the oval foramen 图4.13-2 底面观示棘孔形态的变异 206 Figure 4.13-2 Basal view of the crania showing the variants of the spinous foramen 图4.13-3 卵圆孔–棘孔的变异类型 207 Figure 4.13-3 The variants of the oval foramen and spinous foramen 图4.13-4 维萨里孔的变异 207 Figure 4.13-4 The variants of foramen of Vesalius 图4.14-1 外耳孔底部观，显示颞骨鼓板开裂 210 Figure 4.14-1 Basal view of the external auditory meatus showing the temporal bone tympanic dehiscence 图4.14-2 胡施克孔的不同表现 211 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xxiv raits of Human Skull Figure 4.14-2 Different expressions of the foramen of Huschke 图4.15-1 舌下神经管的变异 213 Figure 4.15-1 The variants of the hypoglossal canal 图4.15-2 舌下神经管变异的五种类型 214 Figure 4.15-2 Five types of the hypoglossal canal 图4.16-1 颈动脉管外口的不同表现 216 Figure 4.16-1 Different expressions of external opening of the carotid canal 图4.16-2 鼓小管下口的不同表现 217 Figure 4.16-2 Different expressions of apertura inferior canaliculi tympanici 图4.17-1 颅骨底面观，展示颈静脉孔、颞骨颈静脉孔内突、颈动脉孔 218 外口；颞骨颈静脉孔内突构成不完全颈静脉孔骨桥 Figure 4.17-1 The basal view of the cranium showing the jugular foramen,intrajugular process of the temporal bone and external opening of the carotid artery. The intrajugular process of the temporal bone forms a partial bony bridging of jugular foramen 图4.17-2 颅骨底面观，展示颈静脉孔、枕髁、舌下神经管外口、枕骨 219 颈静脉孔内突、颈动脉孔外口 Figure 4.17-2 The basal view of the cranium showing the jugular foramen, condyle, external opening of the hypoglossal canal, intrajugular process of the occipital bone and external opening of the carotid artery 图4.17-3 颈静脉孔骨桥，左侧Type I 颈静脉孔骨桥，右侧无 219 颈静脉孔骨桥 Figure 4.17-3 Bony bridging of jugular foramen, Type I on the left side and absence of bony bridging of jugular foramen on the right side 图4.18 髁前结节的不同表现 221 Figure 4.18 Different expressions of precondylar tubercle 图4.19 髁旁突的不同表现 224 Figure 4.19 Different expressions of the paracondylar process 图4.20 枕–枢椎关节面（第三髁）的不同表现 226 Figure 4.20 Different expressions of third occipital condyle 图4.21-1 颅骨底部观，展示基底中央孔的不同表现 228 Figure 4.21-1 Basal view of crania showing different expressions of the median basilar canal 图4.21-2 基底中央孔的变异 229 Figure 4.21-2 Diagram showing median basilar canal variants 图4.22 颅骨底面观，展示二分枕髁关节面的不同表现 230 插图目录 List of Figures xxv Figure 4.22 Basal view of crania showing the different expressions of double condylar facet 图4.23 髁后孔（管）的不同表现 232 Figure 4.23 Different expressions of the condylar canal 图4.24-1 髁旁孔 234 Figure 4.24-1 Paracondylar foramen 图4.24-2 髁旁孔的不同表现形式 235 Figure 4.24-2 Different expressions of paracondylar foramen 图4.25 枕骨大孔的形状变异 236 Figure 4.25 The variants of the shape of foramen magnum 图4.26-1 颅骨枕面观，展示颅骨硬脑膜静脉窦系统 238 Figure 4.26-1 Occipital view of the cranium showing the cranial dural venous sinus system 图4.26-2 枕骨内侧观（A1, B1）和颅内模后面观（A2, B2），展示 239 静脉窦系统的两种模式 Figure 4.26-2 The interior view of the occipital bones (A1, B1) and the posterior view of the endocasts (A2, B2) showing the two patterns of the venous sinus system 图4.26-3 上矢状窦延伸方向 239 Figure 4.26-3 The extending of superior sagittal sinus 图4.26-4 左右横窦直径比 240 Figure 4.26-4 Comparison of the diameters of the left and right transverse sinuses 图5-Ⅰ 颅骨顶面观（A）、后面观（B）和前面观（C）， 242 展示本章描述的部分缝间骨 Figure 5-Ⅰ Superior (A) , posterior (B) and anterior views (C) of the crania showing some sutural bones described in this chapter 图5-Ⅱ 颅骨右侧面观（A）和左侧面观（B），展示本章描述的 242 部分缝间骨 Figure 5-Ⅱ Right lateral (A) and left lateral views (B) of the crania showing some sutural bones described in this chapter 图5.1-1 颅骨顶面观，展示前囟小骨和前囟骨 243 Figure 5.1-1 Superior view of the crania showing an ossicle at bregma and a bregmatic bone 图5.1-2 前囟点区域观，展示前囟骨的不同表现 244 Figure 5.1-2 Superior view of the bregma area showing the variants of bregmatic bones 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xxvi raits of Human Skull 图5.1-3 巨大的前囟骨 245 Figure 5.1-3 An unusually big pentagonal bregmatic bone 图5.2 颅骨冠状缝观，展示冠状缝小骨的不同表现 246 Figure 5.2 Coronal suture view showing the variants of coronal ossicles 图5.3-1 颅骨后面观，展示矢状缝间骨 248 Figure 5.3-1 Posterior view of the crania showing the variants of sagittal suture bones 图5.3-2 颅骨顶面观，展示矢状缝间骨的不同表现 249 Figure 5.3-2 Superior view of the crania showing the variants of sagittal suture bones 图5.4-1 颅骨后面观，展示人字点骨 251 Figure 5.4-1 Posterior view of the crania showing the apical bone 图5.4-2 颅骨后面观，展示人字点骨的不同表现 252 Figure 5.4-2 Posterior view of the crania showing the variants of apical bones 图5.5 颅骨后面观，展示人字缝间骨（小骨）的不同表现 254 Figure 5.5 Posterior view of the crania showing the variants of lambdoid bones (ossicles) 图5.6-1 颅骨后面观，展示印加骨的不同表现 257 Figure 5.6-1 Posterior view of the crania showing the variants of Inca bones 图5.6-2 印加骨不同类型 258 Figure 5.6-2 The variants of Inca bone 图5.6-3 印加骨不同类型 259 Figure 5.6-3 The variants of Inca bone 图5.7 颅骨侧面观，展示顶切迹骨的不同表现 261 Figure 5.7 Lateral view of crania showing the variants of parietal notch bone 图5.8 颅骨侧面观，展示星点骨的不同表现 264 Figure 5.8 Lateral view of crania showing the variants of asterionic bones 图5.9 颅骨侧后面，展示枕乳缝间骨的变异 267 Figure 5.9 Lateral posterior view of the crania showing the variants of occipitomastoid ossicles 图5.10-1 颅骨侧面观，展示翼上骨的不同表现 270 Figure 5.10-1 Lateral view of the crania showing the variants of the epipteric bone 图5.10-2 根据与相邻骨的连接方式划分的翼上骨类型 271 Figure 5.10-2 Types of epiteric bone according to the articulations with neighboring bones 插图目录 List of Figures xxvii 图5.11 颅骨侧面观，展示颞骨上方的颞鳞骨（颞鳞小骨） 273 Figure 5.11 Lateral view of the crania showing the squamous bones (ossicles) above the temporal squama 图5.12-1 颅骨前面观，展示额中裂缝 275 Figure 5.12-1 Anterior view of the cranium showing the metopic fissure 图5.12-2 颅骨前面观，展示额中小骨不同表现 276 Figure 5.12-2 Frontal view of the crania showing the variants of the metopic ossicles 图6-Ⅰ 下颌联合颊侧面的部分非测量特征 279 Figure 6-Ⅰ Nonmetric traits on the buccal aspect of the mandibular symphysis 图6.1-1 中央脊不同级别表现 280 Figure 6.1-1 Different expressions of the central keel 图6.1-2 联合结节不同级别表现 282 Figure 6.1-2 Different expressions of the symphyseal tubercle 图6.1-3 侧结节不同级别表现 283 Figure 6.1-3 Different expressions of the lateral tubercle 图6.1-4a 颏窝不同级别表现 284 Figure 6.1-4a Different expressions of the mental fossa 图6.1-4b 颏三角，由下颌联合颊侧面的非测量特征（中央脊、 285 联合结节、侧结节、颏窝）共同组成 Figure 6.1-4b Mental trigon composed by a set of nonmetric traits on the buccal side of the mandibular symphysis (the central keel, symphyseal tubercle,lateral tubercle and mental fossa) 图6.1-5 下颌联合前部弯曲不同级别表现 286 Figure 6.1-5 Different expressions of the anterior symphseal incurvature 图6.1-6 下颌联合前部倾角 287 Figure 6.1-6 Different expressions of the anterior symphyseal angle 图6.1-7a 下颌联合部形态变异（颏隆凸分级） 289 Figure 6.1-7a Different expressions of symphyseal traits (mentum osseum ranks) 图6.1-7b 颏隆凸在部分中国古人类下颌骨骼的表现 290 Figure 6.1-7b The expressions of the mentum osseum in some human fossils from China 图6.1-8 颏下切迹的不同表现 292 Figure 6.1-8 Different expressions of submental incisure 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xxviii raits of Human Skull 图6-Ⅱ 下颌联合舌侧面的非测量特征 293 Figure 6-Ⅱ Nonmetric traits on the lingual aspect of the mandibular symphysis 图6.2-1 齿槽平台的不同级别 294 Figure 6.2-1 The variants of the alveolar planum 图6.2-2 上横圆枕的不同级别 296 Figure 6.2-2 The variants of the superior transverse torus 图6.2-3 下横圆枕的不同级别 297 Figure 6.2-3 The variants of the inferior transverse torus 图6.2-4 颏舌窝的不同级别 298 Figure 6.2-4 The variants of the genioglossal fossa 图6.2-5 二腹肌窝及其方向 299 Figure 6.2-5 Digastric fossa and orientation 图6.2-6 齿槽颏孔与副齿槽颏孔 300 Figure 6.2-6 Alveolar mental foramen and accessory alveolar foramina 图6.2-7 下颌联合舌侧面中央纵沟（A）、下颌联合舌侧面 302 旁矢状纵沟（B） Figure 6.2-7 Median groove (A) and parasagittal groove (B) 图6.2-8a 颏结节的不同表现类型 304 Figure 6.2-8a The variants of the genial tubercles 图6.2-8b 颏结节的九种类型 305 Figure 6.2-8b Nine types of the genial tubercles 图6.2-9 颏舌孔的不同类型 307 Figure 6.2-9 The variants of the genial foramina 图6-Ⅲ 下颌体颊侧面的部分非测量特征 309 Figure 6-Ⅲ Nonmetric traits on the buccal aspect of the mandibular corpus 图6.3-1 侧隆起的不同级别 311 Figure 6.3-1 The variants of the lateral prominence 图6.3-2 上侧圆枕的不同级别 312 Figure 6.3-2 The variants of the lateral superior torus 图6.3-3 边缘圆枕的不同级别 313 Figure 6.3-3 The variants of the marginal torus 图6.3-4 圆枕间沟的不同级别 314 Figure 6.3-4 The variants of the intertoral sulcus 图6.3-5 前边缘结节与后边缘结节 315 Figure 6.3-5 The anterior marginal tubercle and the posterior marginal tubercle 图6.3-7 颏孔数量与位置 317 Figure 6.3-7 Number and position of mental foramen 图6.3-8 摇椅型下颌 319 Figure 6.3-8 Rocker jaw 图6.3-9 臼齿外沟的不同表现 322 Figure 6.3-9 The types of extramolar sulcus 图6.3-10 臼齿后空间 323 Figure 6.3-10 Retromolar space 图6-Ⅳ 下颌体舌侧面的非测量特征 325 Figure 6-Ⅳ Nonmetric traits on lingual aspect of the mandibular corpus 图6.4-1 不同形态及发育程度的下颌圆枕 326 Figure 6.4-1 The variants of the mandibular torus 图6.4-2 下颌下窝 329 Figure 6.4-2 Different expression of the submandibular fossa 图6.4-3 舌骨肌线走向与发育程度 330 Figure 6.4-3 The variants of the mylohyoid line 图6.4-4 齿槽隆凸不同级别 331 Figure 6.4-4 The variants of the alveolar prominence 图6-Ⅴ 下颌支外侧面的部分非测量特征 332 Figure 6-Ⅴ Nonmetric traits on the external aspect of the mandibular ramus 图6.5-1 下颌切迹对称性的不同表现 333 Figure 6.5-1 The variants of the mandibular notch symmetry 图6.5-2 髁突相对冠突高度 335 Figure 6.5-2 The condyle height relative to the coronoid 图6.5-3 下颌切迹相对髁突的位置 336 Figure 6.5-3 The position of the mandibular notch relative to the condyle 图6.5-4 髁突外侧脊 337 Figure 6.5-4 The variants of the ectocondyloid crest 图6.5-5 髁突颊侧下结节 338 Figure 6.5-5 The lateral subcondyloid tubercle 图6.5-6 下颌支侧隆起的不同级别 339 Figure 6.5-6 The variants of the lateral ramus eminence 图6.5-7 髁突下窝的不同级别 340 Figure 6.5-7 The variants of the subcondylar fossa 图6.5-8 咬肌窝的不同级别 341 Figure 6.5-8 The variants of the masseteric fossa 图6.5-9 下颌角后缘形态变异 342 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xxx raits of Human Skull Figure 6.5-9 The variants of posterior gonial morphology 图6.5-10 下颌角前切迹 343 Figure 6.5-10 The variants of the antegonial notch 图6-Ⅵ 下颌支内侧面的部分非测量特征 344 Figure 6-Ⅵ Nonmetric traits of the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus 图6.6-1 冠突内脊、髁突内脊、冠突髁突内脊间三角平台的不同表现 345 Figure 6.6-1 The variants of the endocornoid crest, the endocondyloid crest,and the triangular planum 图6.6-4 翼肌上结节、翼肌下结节及翼内肌结节 349 Figure 6.6-4 Superior pterygoid tubercle, inferior pterygoid tubercle,and medial pterygoid tubercle 图6.6-6a 翼内肌结节 351 Figure 6.6-6a Medial pterygoid tubercle 图6.6-6b 翼肌下结节和翼内肌结节 352 Figure 6.6-6b Tuberculum pterygoideum inferius (tpi) and medial pterygoid tubercle (mpt) 图6.6-7 翼肌粗隆的不同表现 353 Figure 6.6-7 The variants of the pterygoid tuberosities 图6.6-8 翼肌窝的不同表现与下颌舌骨沟桥 354 Figure 6.6-8 The variants of the pterygoid fossa and mylohyoid bridge 图6.6-9 下颌孔不同形态及下颌舌骨沟 355 Figure 6.6-9 The variants of the mandibular foramen and mylohyoid grooves 图6.6-10 副下颌孔及下颌舌骨沟 356 Figure 6.6-10 Accessory mandibular foramen and mylohyoid grooves 图6.6-11 下颌舌骨沟桥的不同表现 357 Figure 6.6-11 The variants of the mylohyoid bridging 图6.6-12 臼齿后孔和罗宾逊孔 360 Figure 6.6-12 Retromolar foramen and Robosin canal 表1.1 用于描述非测量特征的不同名称 2 Table 1.1 Names used to describe the nonmetric traits 表1.2 人类头骨非测量特征主要分类 4 Table 1.2 Classification systems used with the nonmetric traits of human skull 表2.1-1 颅顶横切面外轮廓形状判断标准 22 Table 2.1-1 The contour shapes of the crania in superior view 表2.1-2 颅顶外轮廓形状在部分中国人群的出现率 23 Table 2.1-2 The incidences of the cranial roof shape of anterior or posterior view in some Chinese populations 表2.1-3 颅骨侧壁外轮廓形状在部分人群的出现率 23 Table 2.1-3 The incidences of the cranial lateral contour shapes in posterior view in some populations 表2.1-4 颅顶外轮廓形状在部分中国人群的出现率 24 Table 2.1-4 The incidences of the cranial contour shapes in superior view in some Chinese populations 表2.2-1 30项头骨非测量特征在世界范围部分人群的出现率 27 Table 2.2-1 The incidence of 30 nonmetric traits in eight human populations 表2.2-2 额中缝在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 28 Table 2.2-2 The incidence of metopic suture in some Chinese Holocene human populations 表2.3 不同类型鼻上缝在世界范围部分人群的出现率 31 Table 2.3 The incidence of different types of supranasal suture in some populations around the world 表2.5 矢状脊在世界范围部分人群的出现率 36 Table 2.5 The incidence of sagittal keeling in some human populations around the world 表格目录 List of Tables 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xxxii raits of Human Skull 表2.7 前囟后部凹陷在世界范围部分人群的出现率 40 Table 2.7 The incidence of postbregmatic depression in some populations around the world 表2.9 顶孔至人字区平坦与凹陷在部分人群的出现率 45 Table 2.9 The incidence of lambdoid flat and depression in some human populations 表2.12 角圆枕在部分人群的出现率 51 Table 2.12 The incidence of angular torus in some human populations 表2.27 显著类型枕圆枕在部分现代人群中的出现率 80 Table 2.27 The incidence of prominent occipital torus in some human populations 表2.28 枕外脊在世界范围部分人群的出现率 83 Table 2.28 The incidence of the external occipital crest in some human populations around the world 表2.29 枕项平面转折不同类型在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 85 Table 2.29 The incidence of transition types from occipital plane to nuchal plane in some Chinese Holocene human populations 表2.33 茎突长度不同类型在一些现代人群中的出现率 93 Table 2.33 The incidence of styloid process length types in some modern human populations 表3.1 眼眶形状不同类型在世界范围部分人群的出现率 102 Table 3.1 The incidence of different types of orbital shape in some human populations around the world 表3.2-1 部分面部非测量特征在世界部分人群的出现率 106 Table 3.2-1 The incidence of some facial nonmetric traits in some human populations around the world 表3.2-2 眉脊水平延展范围在山普拉古墓群等人群分级出现率统计表108 Table 3.2-2 The frequencies of different horizontal extension grades of the supraorbital ridge in Shanpula and other populations 表3.2-3 眉脊突起程度在山普拉古墓群等人群分级出现率统计表109 Table 3.2-3 The frequencies of different projection grades of the supraorbital ridge in Shanpula and other populations 表3.7-1 鼻额–额颌缝走向的三种类型在一些全新世人群的出现率 123 Table 3.7-1 The incidence of the three types of the course of frontonasal and frontomaxillary suture in some Holocene human populations 表3.7-2 鼻额缝四种类型在世界范围部分现代人群的出现率 123 Table 3.7-2 The incidence of the four types of the frontonasal suture in some modern human populations around the world 表3.8 鼻骨轮廓不同类型在世界范围部分人群的出现率 126 Table 3.8 The incidence of the different states of the nasal bone contour in some human populations around the world 表3.10 鼻骨形状不同类型在世界范围部分人群的出现率 132 Table 3.10 The incidences of the different types of nasal bone shape in some human populations around the world 表3.11 梨状孔形状不同类型在世界范围部分人群的出现率 134 Table 3.11 The incidences of the different types of nasal aperture shape in some human populations around the world 表3.12 梨状孔下缘形态不同类型在世界范围部分人群的出现率 139 Table 3.12 The incidences of the variants of inferior nasal aperture in some human populations around the world 表3.14 鼻前棘不同类型在世界范围部分人群的出现率 145 Table 3.14 The incidence of anterior nasal spine in some human populations around the world 表3.18 颧颌缝下缘结节不同类型在世界范围部分人群的出现率 153 Table 3.18 The incidence of different types of zygomaxillary tubercle in some human populations around the world 表3.19 颧上颌缝不同类型在世界范围部分现代人群的出现率 156 Table 3.19 The incidence of different types of zygomaticomaxillary suture in some human populations around the world 表3.21 二分颧骨在世界范围部分人群中的出现率 161 Table 3.21 The incidences of os zygomaticum bipartitum in some human populations around the world 表3.23 犬齿窝在部分现代人群的出现率 166 Table 3.23 The incidence of canine fossa in some modern human populations 表3.25 梨状孔外侧面隆凸在部分现代人群的出现率 169 Table 3.25 The incidence of bulging between orbit and pyriforme orifice in some modern human populations 表3.26 颧骨后结节不同类型在世界范围部分人群的出现率 171 Table 3.26 The incidence of the posterior zygomatic tubercle in some human population around the world 表4.1 腭形（齿弓轮廓）四种类型在部分现代人群的出现率 177 Table 4.1 The incidence of four character states of dental arcade and palate in some modern human population 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xxxiv raits of Human Skull 表4.2 部分现代中国人群门齿孔的大小与形态 179 Table 4.2 The size and morphology of incisive foramens in modern Chinese populations 表4.3 腭圆枕在世界范围部分人群出现率 181 Table 4.3 The incidence of palatine torus in some human populations around the world 表4.5 腭横缝不同类型在世界范围部分人群的出现率 188 Table 4.5 The incidence of four character states of the transverse palatine suture in some human populations around the world 表4.8 鞍桥在世界范围部分人群的出现率 195 Table 4.8 The incidence of clino-clinoid bridge in some human populations around the world 表4.9 翼棘孔及相关特征在世界范围部分人群中的出现率 198 Table 4.9 The incidence of pterygospinous foramen and relted traits in some human populations around the world 表4.13-1 卵圆孔开放在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 208 Table 4.13-1 The incidence of foramen oval open in some Chinese Holocene populations 表4.13-2 棘孔开放在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 209 Table 4.13-2 The incidence of foramen spinosum open in some Chinese Holocene populations 表4.13-3 维萨里孔在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 209 Table 4.13-3 The incidence of foramen of Vesalius in some Chinese Holocene populations 表4.14 鼓板开裂（胡施克孔）在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 212 Table 4.14 The incidence of tympanic dehiscence (foramen of Huschke) in some Chinese Holocene populations 表4.15 舌下神经管二分在部分中国全新世人群中的出现率 215 Table 4.15 The incidence of the hypoglossal canal double in some Chinese Holocene populations 表4.17 颈静脉孔骨桥在部分中国全新世人群中的出现率 220 Table 4.17 The incidence of bony bridging of jugular foramen in some Chinese Holocene populations 表4.18 髁前结节在部分中国全新世人群中的出现率 223 Table 4.18 The incidence of the precondylar tubercle in some Chinese Holocene populations 表4.19 髁旁突在部分中国全新世人群中的出现率 225 表格目录 List of Tables xxxv Table 4.19 The incidence of the paracondylar process in some Chinese Holocene populations 表4.22 二分枕髁关节面在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 231 Table 4.22 The incidence of double condylar facet in some Chinese Holocene populations 表4.23 髁后孔在部分中国全新世人群中的出现率 233 Table 4.23 The incidence of postcondylar canal in some Chinese Holocene populations 表5.1 前囟骨在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 245 Table 5.1 The incidence of the bregmatic bone in some Chinese Holocene human populations 表5.2 冠状缝小骨在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 247 Table 5.2 The incidence of coronal ossicle in some Chinese Holocene populations 表5.3 矢状缝间骨在部分全新世人群的出现率 250 Table 5.3 The incidence of sagittal suture bone in some Holocene populations 表5.4 人字点骨在部分全新世人群的出现率 253 Table 5.4 The incidence of apical bone in some Holocene populations 表5.5 人字缝间骨在部分全新世人群的出现率 255 Table 5.5 The incidence of lambdoid bone in some Holocene human populations 表5.6 印加骨在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 260 Table 5.6 The incidence of Inca bone in some Chinese Holocene human populations 表5.7 顶切迹骨在部分全新世人群的出现率 262 Table 5.7 The incidence of parietal notch bone in some Holocene human populations 表5.8 星点骨在部分全新世人群的出现率 265 Table 5.8 The incidence of asterionic bone in some Holocene human populations 表5.9 枕乳缝间骨在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 268 Table 5.9 Incidence of occipitomastoid ossicle in some Chinese Holocene populations 表5.10 翼上骨在部分全新世人群的出现率 272 Table 5.10 The incidence of epiteric bone in some Holocene human populations 表6.1-1 下颌联合颊侧面非测量特征在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 281 Table 6.1-1 The incidence of nonmetric traits on the buccal surface of mandibular symphysis in some Chinese Holocene populations 表6.1-7 下颌联合前部颏隆凸在部分古人类及全新世人群的表现情况 291 人类头骨非测量特征 Nonmetric T xxxvi raits of Human Skull Table 6.1-7 The expressions of the mentum osseum in some human fossils and Holocene populations 表6.2-1 下颌联合舌侧面非测量特征在部分中国全新世人群的出现率-1 295 Table 6.2-1 The incidence of nonmetric traits on the lingual aspect of mandibular symphysis in some Chinese Holocene populations-1 表6.2-2 下颌联合舌侧面非测量特征在部分中国全新世人群的出现率-2 301 Table 6.2-2 The incidence of nonmetric traits on the lingual aspect of mandibular symphysis in some Chinese Holocene populations-2 表6.3-1 下颌体颊侧面非测量特征在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 310 Table 6.3-1 The incidence of nonmetric traits on the buccal surface of the mandibular corpus in some Chinese Holocene populations 表6.3-7 颏孔数量及颏孔位置在中国全新世人群的表现情况 318 Table 6.3-7 Number and position of the mental foramen in Chinese Holocene populations 表6.3-8 摇椅型下颌在世界范围全新世人群的出现率 320 Table 6.3-8 The incidence of rocker jaw in Holocene human populations around the world 表6.3-10 臼齿后空间在世界范围部分人群的出现率 324 Table 6.3-10 The incidence of retromolar space in some populations around the world 表6.4-1 下颌体舌侧面非测量特征在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 328 Table 6.4-1 The incidence of nonmetric traits on the lingual aspect of the mandibular corpus in some Chinese Holocene populations 表6.5-1 下颌支外侧面非测量特征在部分中国全新世人群的出现率 334 Table 6.5-1 The incidence of nonmetric traits on the external aspect of the ramus in some Chinese Holocene populations 表6.6-1 下颌支内侧面非测量特征在中国全新世人群中出现率 346 Table 6.6-1 Incidence of nonmetric traits on the medial aspect of ramus around Chinese Holocene populations 表6.6-11 下颌舌骨沟桥在部分中国全新世人群中的出现率 359 Table 6.6-11 The incidence of mylohyoid bridging in Chinese Holocene populations 表7.1 头骨非测量特征统计判定参考标准 373 Table 7.1 Reference criteria for the assessment of nonmetric traits
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