目录 前言 第0章 绪论 1 0.1 海洋环境磁学的发展历程 1 0.2 海洋环境磁学的应用 2 0.3 海洋环境磁学研究的趋势与展望 7 上篇 理论部分 第1章 磁性物理学简述 11 1.1 原子结构与原子磁性 11 1.2 磁矩 15 1.3 磁畴与物质磁性 16 1.4 磁场和磁场强度 18 1.5 磁通量 19 1.6 磁化强度与磁化率 20 1.7 磁性分类及特征 20 1.8 磁化曲线与磁滞 23 1.9 磁晶各向异性 24 1.10 磁学单位及其转换 26 第2章 地磁场与古地磁 28 2.1 地磁场和地磁学 28 2.2 地球主磁场的特点和长期变化 32 2.3 古地磁 41 第3章 岩石和矿物的磁性获得原理 46 3.1 尼尔理论与剩磁的保持 46 3.2 热剩余磁性 47 3.3 化学剩余磁性 49 3.4 碎屑沉积剩余磁性 50 3.5 黏滞剩余磁性 51 3.6 等温剩余磁性 52 3.7 各类岩石剩余磁性的成因 52 第4章 磁性矿物 55 4.1 钛铁氧化物 55 4.2 铁的氢氧化物 69 4.3 铁的硫化物 72 4.4 铁的碳酸盐 81 4.5 沉积后磁性矿物间的转化 83 第5章 沉积物中磁性矿物的磁性特征 86 5.1 基本的磁性参数 86 5.2 磁性矿物含量判定 86 5.3 磁性矿物类型判定 92 5.4 磁性矿物粒径判定 103 第6章 磁学实验仪器与沉积物磁性参数测试 110 6.1 磁学实验仪器设备及测试操作流程 110 6.2 磁学实验测量流程与样品预处理 114 下篇 应用部分 第7章 河口沉积环境中沉积物的磁性研究 119 7.1 长江与黄河河口沉积物磁性特征对比的初步研究 119 7.2 黄河三角洲不同气候条件下沉积物中胶黄铁矿的形成 122 7.3 基于磁性推断长江口近100 年来人类活动对沉积的影响 129 7.4 珠江河口悬浮颗粒的磁学特征及其对重金属污染的指示 136 第8章 海滩沉积环境中沉积物的磁性研究 146 8.1 山东南部海滩沉积物重金属污染评价及磁学诊断 146 8.2 示踪海滩重金属污染来源和季节扩散的原位磁学新方法 162 第9章 陆架沉积环境中表层沉积物的磁性研究 175 9.1 磁学特征指示的黄渤海沉积物来源和分布模式 175 9.2 黄渤海泥质区表层沉积物磁小体的形成与保存机制 189 9.3 黄渤海表层沉积物磁性球粒的分布特征及其环境效应 202 第10章 陆架沉积环境中柱状沉积物的磁性研究 215 10.1 磁性指示的4 万年以来南黄海陆架区的沉积环境演化 215 10.2 南黄海7.5ka以来磁性球粒特征与环境事件 231 第11章 深海海盆沉积环境中沉积物的磁性研究 240 11.1 西太平洋帕里西维拉海盆沉积物来源和沉积环境演化 240 11.2 大西洋表层沉积物环境磁学分布规律及其源汇分析 250 第12章 海沟沉积环境中沉积物的磁性研究 262 12.1 挑战者深渊沉积物强磁性和地球化学特征对物源的指示 262 12.2 海沟沉积物的环境磁学特征及其对物源的指示意义 276 参考文献 281 附录 实验方法与测试流程 292 Contents Preface Chapter 0 Introduction 1 0.1 Development History of Marine Environmental Magnetism 1 0.2 Applications of Marine Environmental Magnetism 2 0.3 Trends and Prospects in Marine Environmental Magnetism Research 7 Part Ⅰ Theoretical Foundations Chapter 1 Overview of Magnetic Physics 11 1.1 Atomic Structure and Atomic Magnetism 11 1.2 Magnetic Moment 15 1.3 Magnetic Domains and Material Magnetism 16 1.4 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Strength 18 1.5 Magnetic Flux 19 1.6 Magnetization and Magnetic Susceptibility 20 1.7 Magnetic Classification and Characteristics 20 1.8 Magnetization Curves and Magnetic Hysteresis 23 1.9 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy 24 1.10 Magnetic Units and Their Conversion 26 Chapter 2 The Geomagnetic Field and Paleomagnetism 28 2.1 The Geomagnetic Field and Geomagnetism 28 2.2 Characteristics and Secular Variation of the Main Geomagnetic Field 32 2.3 Paleomagnetism 41 Chapter 3 Remanent Magnetization in Rocks and Minerals 46 3.1 Néel Theory and Remanence Retention 46 3.2 Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM) 47 3.3 Chemical Remanent Magnetization (CRM) 49 3.4 Detrital Remanent Magnetization (DRM) 50 3.5 Viscous Remanent Magnetization (VRM) 51 3.6 Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) 52 3.7 Origins of Remanent Magnetization in Different Rock Types 52 Chapter 4 Magnetic Minerals 55 4.1 Titanium-Iron Oxides 55 4.2 Iron Hydroxides 69 4.3 Iron Sulfides 72 4.4 Iron Carbonates 81 4.5 Post-Depositional Transformation of Magnetic Minerals 83 Chapter 5 Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Minerals in Sediments 86 5.1 Basic Magnetic Parameters 86 5.2 Assessment of Magnetic Mineral Concentration 86 5.3 Identification of Magnetic Mineral Types 92 5.4 Determination of Magnetic Grain Size 103 Chapter 6 Magnetic Instruments and Measurements 110 6.1 Magnetic Instruments and Laboratory Procedures 110 6.2 Magnetic Measurement Procedures and Sample Pretreatment 114 Part Ⅱ Applications Chapter 7 Magnetic Studies of Sediments in Estuarine Environments 119 7.1 Comparison of Magnetic Properties of Sediments from the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries 119 7.2 Formation of Greigite in the Yellow River Delta Under Different Climatic Conditions 122 7.3 Magnetic Inference of Anthropogenic Impacts on Sedimentation in the Yangtze Estuary Over the Past Century 129 7.4 Magnetic Properties of Suspended Particles in the Pearl River Estuary and Their Implications for Heavy Metal Pollution 136 Chapter 8 Magnetic Studies of Sediments in Beach Environments 146 8.1 Magnetic Diagnostics and Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment of Beach Sediments in Southern Shandong 146 8.2 A New in situ Magnetic Method to Indicate the Source and Seasonal Diffusion of Heavy Metal Contamination 162 Chapter 9 Magnetic Studies of Surface Sediments in Shelf Environments 175 9.1 Magnetic Evidence for Sediment Provenance and Distribution Patterns in the Yellow and Bohai Seas 175 9.2 Formation and Preservation Mechanisms of Magnetofossils in Surface Sediments of the Yellow and Bohai Sea Mud Areas 189 9.3 Distribution and Environmental Implications of Magnetic Spherules in Surface Sediments of the Yellow and Bohai Seas 202 Chapter 10 Magnetic Studies of Core Sediments in Shelf Environments 215 10.1 Magnetic Evidence of Sedimentary Environment Evolution on the Southern Yellow Sea Shelf Over the Past 40 ka 215 10.2 Magnetic Spherules and Environmental Events in the Southern Yellow Sea Since 7.5 ka 231 Chapter 11 Magnetic Studies of Sediments in Deep-Sea Basin Environments 240 11.1 Sediment Provenance and Paleoenvironmental Evolution in the Parece Vela Basin of the Western Pacific 240 11.2 Environmental Magnetic Patterns and Source-to-Sink Processes in Atlantic Surface Sediments 250 Chapter 12 Magnetic Studies of Sediments in Trench Environments 262 12.1 Strong magnetism and geochemical characteristics of sediment in Challenger Deep and their indications for sources 262 12.2 Environmental Magnetic Characteristics of Trench Sediments and Their Implications for Sediment Provenance 276 References 281 Appendix: Analytical Methods and Experimental Procedures 292
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