目 录 第 1章中国红树林团水虱危害概况.1 1.1红树林概述1 1.1.1 红树林定义1 1.1.2 红树林植物组成2 1.1.3 红树林生态系统及其主要功能 4 1.2中国红树林团水虱危害及其研究概况 6 1.2.1 中国团水虱分布7 1.2.2 团水虱的生物学特征.7 1.2.3 团水虱对我国红树林的危害 8 1.2.4 团水虱危害暴发规律.9 1.2.5 团水虱暴发原因.10 1.2.6 团水虱的天敌生物11 第 2章团水虱生物生态学特性.13 2.1危害我国红树林的团水虱的生物学特性 13 2.1.1 团水虱在海洋红树林中的种类与分布 .13 2.1.2 红树林生态系统中团水虱的生物学特性 13 2.2红树林团水虱暴发的可能诱因 18 2.2.1 团水虱导致我国红树林生态系统退化的现状 .19 2.2.2 影响有孔团水虱暴发的可能因素 20 2.3影响东寨港红树林中团水虱分布的生态因子研究 .24 2.3.1 研究站点.24 2.3.2 各研究站位水质因子24 2.3.3 团水虱与网纹藤壶垂直分布关系 25 2.4东寨港红树林团水虱种群分布类型和数量变化动态模型 .26 2.4.1 种群水平空间分布格局和数量分布特征 27 2.4.2 种群数量变化和动态模型 28 2.5广西团水虱的种类组成及其对红树林的生态效应 .29 2.5.1 团水虱的种类组成29 2.5.2 团水虱的分布特征30 2.5.3 讨论34 2.6团水虱消化酶及其种群生态学研究 .37 2.6.1 消化酶活力37 2.6.2 影响团水虱分布的环境因子 38 2.6.3 团水虱种群生态学38 2.7团水虱不同生长阶段肠道微生物多样性分析 39 2.7.1 基于 16S rRNA基因测序的细菌多样性 .40 2.7.2 不同生长阶段肠道菌群结构分析 40 2.7.3 菌群结构的差异分析43 2.7.4 讨论43 2.8团水虱线粒体基因组全序列及其系统进化 .47 第 3章红树林湿地环境与团水虱对红树林的危害 49 3.1红树林急速退化的空间分布特征及其影响因素分析 49 3.1.1 近 30年红树林面积动态变化 50 3.1.2 红树林群落退化特征分析 51 3.1.3 红树林退化程度与环境因子的关系 53 3.1.4 讨论55 3.2红树林群落退化特征与土壤理化性质的相关关系 .58 3.2.1 样地设置与群落调查58 3.2.2 红树林群落退化特征59 3.2.3 红树林退化与土壤物理性质的相关性分析 60 3.2.4 红树林退化与土壤化学性质的相关性分析 60 3.2.5 讨论61 3.3红树林退化原因初探 .62 3.3.1 样地设置与群落调查63 3.3.2 各样地的群落特征63 3.3.3 团水虱在样木上的钻孔分布特征 65 3.3.4 微地形变化对红树林退化的影响 66 3.3.5 讨论68 3.4集约化海鸭养殖对红树林及林内底栖动物的影响 .68 3.4.1 养殖海鸭对红树植物群落的影响 69 3.4.2 海鸭养殖对底栖动物的影响 70 3.4.3 讨论72 3.5红树林湿地污染监测与评价 .74 3.5.1 样品采集与测定.74 3.5.2 评价方法.75 3.5.3 污染指标监测与评价76 3.5.4 讨论79 3.6团水虱对红树林的危害 80 3.6.1 团水虱对红树林的危害过程 80 3.6.2 团水虱蛀孔的生物观测和分析 .81 3.6.3 讨论81 3.7海南东寨港红树林自然保护区团水虱灾害调查 82 3.7.1 海南东寨港红树林自然保护区概况 83 3.7.2 红树林团水虱暴发的等级和面积 86 3.7.3 不同植被类型团水虱暴发的等级和面积 94 3.7.4 不同灾害等级的群落组成 96 3.7.5 主要红树植物群落团水虱灾害 .99 3.7.6 4个区域团水虱暴发程度比较 105 3.7.7 红树林团水虱暴发的空间特征 109 第 4章团水虱危害的防治方法115 4.1物理防治 .115 4.1.1 塑料薄膜覆盖法115 4.1.2 生石灰消杀法115 4.1.3 高低温处理防治团水虱 116 4.1.4 高盐浸渍防治效果. 116 4.1.5 一种利用盐浸处理防治团水虱的方法 116 4.2化学防治 . 119 4.2.1 红树林有害生物团水虱双重药剂防治技术研究 . 119 4.2.2 红树林有害生物团水虱烟熏防治技术研究 124 4.2.3 一种防治团水虱和船蛆等钻孔海洋生物的药物及使用方法128 4.3生物防治 .128 4.3.1 双齿近相手蟹的取食实验 .128 4.3.2 长足长方蟹对团水虱的取食实验 .129 4.3.3 日本拟厚蟹对团水虱的取食实验 .130 4.3.4 弧边招潮蟹对团水虱的取食实验 .130 4.4综合防治 .131 4.4.1 加强红树林生态系统污染的综合治理 131 4.4.2 建立红树林团水虱跟踪监测机制 .131 第 5章团水虱危害受损退化区域红树林恢复技术 132 5.1退化区域调查 132 5.1.1 团水虱危害调查132 5.1.2 台风受损红树林调查132 5.2枯树清理 .133 5.3挖沟清淤 .133 5.4退化区域造林树种筛选 .134 5.5红树林造林 134 5.6护岸修复 .135 5.7封滩育林 .136 参考文献137 后记149 Contents Chapter 1 The damage status of Sphaeroma in mangrove in China.1 1.1 Overview of mangrove1 1.1.1 Definitionof mangrove 1 1.1.2 Composition of mangrove flora2 1.1.3 Mangrove ecosystem and its main functions4 1.2 Damage and research status of Sphaeroma in mangrove in China6 1.2.1 The distribution of Sphaeroma in China 7 1.2.2 Biological characteristics of Sphaeroma 7 1.2.3 The damage of Sphaeroma to mangrove in China 8 1.2.4 Outbreak regularity of Sphaeroma 9 1.2.5 Outbreak causes of Sphaeroma 10 1.2.6 The natural enemy of Sphaeroma 11 Chapter 2 Bioecological characteristics of Sphaeroma 13 2.1 The biological characteristics of Sphaeroma in mangrove in China 13 2.1.1 The species and distribution of Sphaeroma in marine mangrove13 2.1.2 Biological characteristics of Sphaeroma in mangrove ecosystem13 2.2 Possible causes of outbreak of Sphaeroma in mangrove18 2.2.1 Current situation of mangrove ecosystem degradation caused by Sphaeroma in China 19 2.2.2 The possible factors affecting the outbreak of Sphaeroma.20 2.3 Studies on ecological factors affecting the distribution of Sphaeroma in the mangrove forest in Dongzhaigang, China 24 2.3.1 Study station24 2.3.2 Water quality factors of each station24 2.3.3 Vertical distribution relation between Sphaeroma and Balauustus utinomi25 2.4 Studies on distribution types and dynamic model of populations of Sphaeroma in mangrove forest in Dongzhaigang, China 26 2.4.1 Horizontal spatial distribution pattern and quantitative distribution characteristics of populations 27 2.4.2 Population quantity change and dynamic model.28 2.5 The species composition of Sphaeroma and its ecological effect to mangrove in Guangxi, China29 2.5.1 The species composition of Sphaeroma 29 2.5.2 The distribution characteristics of Sphaeroma30 2.5.3 Discussion 34 2.6 Studies on digestive enzymes and population ecology of Sphaeroma 37 2.6.1 Digestive enzyme activities37 2.6.2 The environmental factors affecting the distribution of Sphaeroma 38 2.6.3 Population ecology of Sphaeroma38 2.7 Intestinal microbial diversity analysis of Sphaeroma at different growth stages.39 2.7.1 Bacterial diversitybased on 16S rRNA gene sequencing 40 2.7.2 Analysis of intestinal flora structure at different growth stages 40 2.7.3 Difference analysis of bacterial community structure43 2.7.4 Discussion 43 2.8 Complete mitochondrial genome sequence and phylogeny of Sphaeroma.47 Chapter 3 The environment of mangrove wetland and the damage of Sphaeroma to mangrove 49 3.1 Spatial patterns and environmental factors of rapidly degraded mangrove .49 3.1.1 Dynamic changes of mangrove area in recent 30 years 50 3.1.2 Characteristics analysis of degenerated mangrove communities 51 3.1.3 Relationship between mangrove degradation and environmental factors53 3.1.4 Discussion 55 3.2 Correlation between degradation characteristics of the mangrove communities and physicochemical properties of soil58 3.2.1 Plot setting and community investigation 58 3.2.2 Degradation characteristics of mangrove communities59 3.2.3 Correlation analysis between mangrove degradation and physical properties of soil60 3.2.4 Correlation analysis between mangrove degradation and chemical properties of soil60 3.2.5 Discussion 61 3.3 A preliminary study on the causes of mangrove degradation62 3.3.1 Plot setting and community investigation 63 3.3.2 Community characeristics of different plots 63 3.3.3 Distribution characteristics of boreholes on the sample trees caused by Sphaeroma65 3.3.4 Effects of microtopography changes on mangrove degradation66 3.3.5 Discussion 68 3.4 Effects of intensive sea duck breeding on mangrove and benthic invertebrates.68 3.4.1 Effects of raising seaduck on mangrove communities 69 3.4.2 Effects of raising sea duck on benthic invertebrates70 3.4.3 Discussion 72 3.5 Monitoring and evaluation of mangrove wetland pollution74 3.5.1 Sample collection and determination 74 3.5.2 Evaluation method75 3.5.3 Monitoring and evaluation of the pollution index76 3.5.4 Discussion 79 3.6 The damage and biological experiment of Sphaeroma on mangrove80 3.6.1 The damage process of Sphaeroma to mangrove 80 3.6.2 Biological observation and analysis of wormholes of Sphaeroma 81 3.6.3 Discussion 81 3.7 Field investigation on Sphaeroma disaster in Dongzhaigang Nature Reserve, Hainan Province82 3.7.1 General situation of Dongzhaigang Nature Reserve, Hainan Province 83 3.7.2 The outbreak levels and areas of Sphaeroma in mangrove 86 3.7.3 The outbreak levels and areas of Sphaeroma in different vegetation types 94 3.7.4 Community composition of different disaster levels.96 3.7.5 The disaster of Sphaeroma in major mangrove communities 99 3.7.6 Outbreak comparison of Sphaeroma in four regions105 3.7.7 Spatial characteristics of the outbreak of Sphaeroma in mangrove 109 Chapter 4 Prevention and control method of Sphaeroma115 4.1 Physical control115 4.1.1 Plastic film covering 115 4.1.2 Quick lime killing. 115 4.1.3 High and low-temperature treatment116 4.1.4 Effect of high salt impregnation 116 4.1.5 A method of controlling Sphaeroma by salt leaching 116 4.2 Chemical control119 4.2.1 Research on double agent control technology of mangrove pest Sphaeroma119 4.2.2 Research on smoke control technology of mangrove pest Sphaeroma 124 4.2.3 A drug for preventing and controlling the marine boring organisms of Sphaeroma and Teredo navalis and the methodof use 128 4.3 Biological control128 4.3.1 Feeding experiment of Perisesarma bidens 128 4.3.2 Feeding experiment of Metaplax longipes 129 4.3.3 Feeding experiment of Helicana japonica 130 4.3.4 Feeding experiment of Uca arcuata130 4.4 Comprehensive control 131 4.4.1 Strengthen comprehensive control of mangrove ecosystem pollution 131 4.4.2 Establishment the tracking and monitoring mechanism for Sphaeroma in mangrove.131 Chapter 5 Restoration techniques for damaged and degraded mangrove caused by Sphaeroma.132 5.1 Investigation of degradation regions132 5.1.1 Investigation of Sphaeroma.132 5.1.2 Investigation of damaged mangrove caused by typhoon132 5.2 Clearing of dead trees133 5.3 Trenching and desilting 133 5.4 Selection of afforestation species in degraded regions.134 5.5 Mangrove afforestation 134 5.6 Revetment restoration 135 5.7 Closing the beach for afforestation.136 References 137 Postscript149
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