Contents Preface—V Acknowledgement to financial support—VII 1 Biomass components and characteristics—1 1.1 Biomass components—1 1.1.1 Composition analysis of biomass—1 1.1.2 Distribution of biomass components—2 1.2 Cellulose—5 1.2.1 Structure of cellulose—5 1.2.2 Characteristics of cellulose—7 1.2.3 Isolation of cellulose and its model compounds—8 1.3 Hemicellulose—9 1.3.1 Structure of hemicellulose—10 1.3.2 Characteristics of hemicellulose—12 1.3.3 Isolation of hemicellulose and its model compounds—12 1.4 Lignin—15 1.4.1 Structure of lignin—15 1.4.2 Characteristics of lignin—17 1.4.3 Isolation of lignin and its model compounds—19 1.5 Extractives—24 1.6 Inorganic salts—24 1.6.1 Composition of inorganic salts—25 1.6.2 Removal of inorganic salts—28 1.7 Water in biomass—28 2 Pyrolysis of cellulose—33 2.1 Fundamental process of cellulose pyrolysis—33 2.1.1 Introduction to cellulose pyrolysis—33 2.1.2 Pyrolysis of cellulose model compounds—37 2.2 Effect of reaction parameters on the pyrolysis behavior of cellulose—39 2.2.1 Effect of reaction temperature—40 2.2.2 Effect of residence time—43 2.2.3 Effect of acid pretreatment—44 2.2.4 Effect of other reaction factors—48 2.3 Pyrolysis kinetic models for cellulose pyrolysis—49 2.3.1 One-step global reaction model—50 2.3.2 Two-step reaction model—51 2.3.3 Isoconversion methods—54 2.3.4 Distributed activation energy model—54 2.4 Active cellulose—55 2.4.1 The collection and characterization of active cellulose—55 2.4.2 Effects of different factors on the characteristics of active cellulose—58 2.5 Mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis based on the formation of products—62 2.5.1 Formation pathway of levoglucosan—64 2.5.2 Formation pathway of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural—65 2.5.3 Formation pathway of hydroxyacetaldehyde and hydroxyacetone—66 2.5.4 Formation pathway of small molecular gases—68 2.6 Mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis at molecular scale—68 2.6.1 Simulation of pyrolysis of cellulose monomer—70 2.6.2 Simulation of pyrolysis of cellobiose and cellotriose—73 2.6.3 Simulation of pyrolysis of cellulose crystal with periodically repeated structure—73 3 Pyrolysis of hemicellulose—81 3.1 Fundamental process of hemicellulose pyrolysis—81 3.1.1 Pyrolysis of hemicellulose-based monosaccharides—81 3.1.2 Pyrolysis of xylan and glucomannan—83 3.1.3 Pyrolysis of the isolated hemicellulose—85 3.1.4 Comparison of the pyrolysis behaviors of hemicellulose-based monosaccharides and xylan—85 3.2 Effect of reaction parameters on the pyrolysis behavior of hemicellulose—88 3.2.1 Effect of reaction temperature—88 3.2.2 Effect of residence time—90 3.2.3 Effect of other reaction factors—90 3.3 Mechanism of hemicellulose pyrolysis—91 3.3.1 Pyrolysis kinetic model for hemicellulose pyrolysis—91 3.3.2 Formation pathway of typical products from hemicellulose pyrolysis—94 3.3.3 Mechanism of hemicellulose pyrolysis at molecular scale—96 4 Pyrolysis of lignin—103 4.1 Lignin pyrolysis process—103 4.1.1 Fundamental process of lignin pyrolysis—103 4.1.2 Pyrolysis of typical model compounds for lignin—104 4.1.3 Pyrolysis of different lignin model compounds—107 4.2 Effect of reaction parameters on the pyrolysis behavior of lignin—117 4.2.1 Effect of reaction temperature—118 4.2.2 Effect of residence time—125 4.2.3 Effect of other reaction parameters—126 4.3 Mechanism of lignin pyrolysis—127 4.3.1 Pyrolysis kinetic model for lignin pyrolysis—127 4.3.2 Lignin pyrolysis mechanism based on product distribution—129 4.3.3 Mechanism of lignin pyrolysis at the molecular scale—135 5 Cross coupling pyrolysis of biomass components—141 5.1 Influence of component interaction on pyrolysis—142 5.1.1 Effect of the ratio of hemicellulose to cellulose—142 5.1.2 Effect of the ratio of cellulose to lignin—144 5.1.3 Effect of the ratio of hemicellulose to lignin—147 5.2 Coupled pyrolysis of components—149 5.2.1 Pyrolysis behavior of a mixture of biomass components—149 5.2.2 Influence of component proportions on the distribution of pyrolytic products—150 5.3 Pyrolysis behaviors of detergent fibers—154 5.3.1 Pyrolysis behaviors of different detergent fibers—155 5.3.2 Distribution of pyrolytic products for different detergent fibers—157 5.4 Influence of extractives on biomass pyrolysis—160 5.4.1 Pyrolysis behaviors of biomass extractives—160 5.4.2 Influence mechanism of extractives on biomass pyrolysis—161 6 Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass components—167 6.1 Influence of inorganic salts on the pyrolysis of biomass components—167 6.1.1 Influence of inorganic salts on the kinetics of biomass components pyrolysis—168 6.1.2 Influence of inorganic salts on the distribution of cellulose pyrolysis products—171 6.2 Catalytic effect of zeolite catalysts on the pyrolysis of biomass components—174 6.2.1 Classification and characteristics of zeolite catalysts—174 6.2.2 Catalytic effect of microporous zeolite on the pyrolysis of biomass components—176 6.2.3 Effect of mesoporous zeolites on the pyrolysis of biomass components—186 6.3 Catalytic effect of metal oxide on the pyrolysis of biomass components—188 6.3.1 Structural characteristics of metal oxide—188 6.3.2 Catalytic effect of metal oxides on the pyrolysis of biomass components—189 7 Pyrolysis of biomass—193 7.1 Introduction to biomass pyrolysis—193 7.2 Pyrolysis of different biomass species—195 7.2.1 Pyrolysis of forestry biomass—196 7.2.2 Pyrolysis of agricultural biomass—198 7.2.3 Pyrolysis of herbaceous biomass—199 7.2.4 Pyrolysis of aquatic biomass—200 7.2.5 Comparison of pyrolysis products from different biomass species—201 7.3 Fast pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil production—202 7.3.1 Reaction process of biomass fast pyrolysis—203 7.3.2 Effect of reaction parameters on biomass fast pyrolysis—204 7.4 Bio-oil graded catalytic upgrading—218 7.4.1 High-efficiency separation of bio-oil based on molecular distillation—220 7.4.2 Upgrading of bio-oil fractions from molecular distillation—225 Abbreviations—245 Selected PhD theses supervised by the authors—247 The Authors’ representative academic papers published in this field—249 Index—253
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