目录 为建设科技强国打下坚实基础（代序）白春礼 i 前言中国科学院《科学发展报告》课题组 vii 第一章 科学展望 1 1.1 二维材料研究进展及展望刘碧录成会明 3 1.2 宽禁带半导体发光学的发展现状与展望申德振 15 第二章 科学前沿 27 2.1 太阳系边际探测的重大科学问题王赤李晖郭孝城 29 2.2 量子计算:现状与展望段路明吴宇皑 43 2.3 纳米绿色印刷技术研究进展王思吴磊宋延林 53 2.4 精神疾病肠道微生物组研究现状及展望谢鹏郑鹏 61 2.5 惆瞅脉冲放大z 超快超强激光的巅峰之路——2018 年诺贝尔物理学奖评述王兆华魏志义 68 2.6 “进化”的力量——2018 年诺贝尔化学奖评述林章凛 75 2.7 癌症免疫疗法新进展及其未来展望——2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖评述李斌 83 第三章 2018竿中国科研代表性成果 87 3.1 利用LAMOST发现系外行星族群东苏勃 89 3.2 发现理丰度最高的巨星——富铿巨星中钮元素的形成之谜闰宏亮施建荣 92 3.3 首次“看见”离子水合物的原子结构并揭示离子输运的幻数效应彭金波曹端云何智力等 96 3.4 铁基高温超导中的“马约拉纳三部曲”孔令元丁洪 101 3.5 人工基因组重排驱动基因组快速进化贾斌谢泽雄元英进 106 3.6 主族碱土金属八撮基化合物的d轨道成键及18电子规则周鸣飞 109 3.7 H+HD反应中的几何相位效应研究王兴安孙志刚张东辉等 113 3.8 基于"生色团反应"的新型超高响应荧光探针杨国强 116 3.9 克隆猴的诞生孙强 120 3.10 衰老基因SIRT6 调控灵长类动物的发育张维绪刘光慧 123 3.11 中国被子植物进化的摇篮和博物馆鲁丽敏陈之端 126 3.12 人造单染色体真核酵母细胞薛小莉罩重军 129 3.13 新型基因编码的神经递质荧光探针的开发及其应用井淼李毓龙 132 3.14 解析日光照射改善学习记忆的神经化学机制熊伟1 36 3.15 “葫芦娃”（Chuluwa）基因决定脊椎动物体轴形成朱薛辰陶庆华 139 3.16 痛痒病毒的组装和致病机理王祥喜饶子和 143 3.17 距今4万~3万年前人类踏足高海拔青藏高原腹地张晓凌高星王社江4 6 3.18 全球变暖背景下东太平洋厄尔尼诺变率增强蔡文炬 149 第四章科技领域发展观察 153 4.1 基础前沿领域发展观察黄龙光边文越张超星等 155 4.2 人口健康与医药领域发展观察王明许丽施慧琳等 166 4.3 生物科技领域发展观察丁陈君陈方郑颖等 179 4.4 农业科技领域发展观察袁建霞邢颖 188 4.5 环境科学领域发展观察曲建升廖琴曾静静等 196 4.6 地球科学领域发展观察郑军卫张志强赵纪东等 208 4.7 海洋科学领域发展观察高峰王金平冯志纲等 218 4.8 空间科学领域发展观察杨机韩淋王海名等 227 4.9 信息科技领域发展观察唐川徐婿田倩飞等 236 4.10 能源科技领域发展观察陈伟郭楷模蔡国田等 246 4.11 材料制造领域发展观察万勇黄健冯瑞华等 258 4.12 重大科技基础设施领域发展观察李泽霞魏韧郭世杰等 267 第五章中国科学发展概览 277 5.1 2018年科学技术部基础研究管理工作概述李哲崔春宇陈志辉等 279 5.2 2018年度国家自然科学基金项目申请和资助综述郑知敏高阵雨李志兰等 284 第六章中国科学发展建议289 6.1 关于加强科技界建制化参与立法的建议中国科学院学部咨询课题组 291 6.2 关于改善我国基础研究活动结构性问题的建议中国科学院学部咨询课题组 300 6.3 关于智慧城市建设的思考和建议中国科学院学部咨询课题组 308 附录 317 附录一 2018年中国与世界十大科技进展 319 附录二 2018年香山科学会议学术讨论会一览表 327 附录三 2018年中国科学院学部“科学与技术前沿论坛”一览表 329 CONTENTS Lay a Soild Foundation for the Construction of a World Science and Technology Power i Preface vii Chapter 1 An Outlook on science 1 1.1 Recent Progress and Prospect of Two-Dimensional Materials 14 1.2 Development Status and Prospects of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Luminescence 25 Chapter 2 Frontiers in Sciences 27 2.1 Major Scientific Issues in the Exploration of Heliospheric Interface 41 2.2 Quanturm Computing Progress and Prospect 52 2.3 Research Progress of Nano green Printing Technology 60 2.4 Current Insights and Future Research Avenues of Gut Microbiome in Psychiatric Disorde 67 2.5 Chirp pulse Amplification: Toward the ultrafast and Ultraintense Laser ——Commentary on the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics 74 2.6 The Power of evolution ——Commentary on the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 82 2.7 The Future of Anticancer Immunotherapy ——Commentary on the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine 86 Chapter 3 Representative Achievements of Chinese Scientific Research in 2018 87 3.1 Discovery of an Extrasolar Planet Population with the LAMOST 91 3.2 The Discovery of the Most Li-rich Giants——Probing the Mechanism of Li production 95 3.3 "Seeing " the Ion Hydrates and Revealing the Magic Number effect on Ion Transport 100 3.4 "Majorana Trilogy" in Iron-Based High-Temperature Superconductors 105 3.5 Artificial Genomic Rearrangements Drive Rapid Evolution of Genomes 108 3.6 d Orbital Bonding and the 18-Electron Rule for Main group Alkaline Earth Octacarbonyl Complexes 111 3.7 The Study of the Geometric Phase Effect in the H+HD Reaction 115 3.8 Development of New Ultrasensitive Fluorescence Probes based on the Reversible Chromophore Reaction of BODIPYs 119 3.9 Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer 122 3.10 SIRT6 Deficiency Results in Developmental Retardation in Cynomolgus Monk 125 3.11 Evolutionary Cradles and Museums of the Chinese Angiosperm Flora 128 3.12 Creating a Functional Single-Chromosome Yeast 131 3.13 The Development and Application of Novel Genetically-Encoded Fluorescent sensors for neurotransmitters 134 3.14 The Neurochemical Mechanism Underlying Sunlight-Induced Improvement of Learning and Memory 138 3.15 Maternal Huluwa Dictates the Embryonic Body Axis in Vertebrates 142 3.16 Molecular Mechanisms of Herpesvirus Capsid Assembly 145 3.17 The Earliest Human Occupation of the High-Altitude Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 40 Thousand to 30 Thousand Years Ago 148 3.18 Increased Variability of Eastern Pacific El Nino Under Greenhouse Wanning 151 Chapter 4 Observations on Development of Science and Technology 153 4.1 Basic Sciences and frontiers 165 4.2 Public Health Science and Technology 178 4.3 Bioscience and Biotechnology 186 4.4 Agricultural Science and Technology 194 4.5 Environment Science 206 4.6 Earth Science 217 4.7 Oceanography 226 4.8 Space Science 235 4.9 Information Technology 245 4.10 Energy Science and Technology 256 4.11 Advanced Materials and Manufacturing 266 4.12 Major Research Infrastructure Science and Technology 276 Chapter 5 A Brief of Science Development in China 277 5.1 Annual Review of the Department of Basic Research of Ministry of Science and Technology in 2018 283 5.2 Projects Granted by National Natural Science Fund in 2018 288 Chapter 6 Suggestions on Science Development in China 289 6.1 Suggestions on Enhancing Chinese Scientists' Institutionalized Participation in Law Making 299 6.2 Suggestions on Improving the Structural Problems of Basic Research Activities in China 307 6.3 Thoughts and Suggestions on China's Smart City Construction 314 Appendix 317 1. 2018's Top 10 Science & Technology Advances in China and World 319 2. Overview of Xiangshan Science Conference Academic Meetings in 2018 327 3. List of Fora on Frontiers of Science & Technology by Academic Divisions of CAS in 2018 329
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