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  遗传学概要（影印...
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本书保持了前八版的编写特色：注重基础知识，概念清晰准确，探讨解决专业问题，师生易学易教。第九版内容拓展到基因组、生物信息、蛋白质组及相关前沿领域。该书在亚马逊专业教材销售排行榜长期名列前茅，被许多北美、欧洲高校教学选用。
　　第九版内容主要包括：遗传学概况，有丝分裂和减数分裂，孟德尔遗传学，孟德尔比率，真核生物染色体图谱，细菌和噬菌体的遗传分析，性别决定和性染色体，染色体突变：染色体数量和分布，核外遗传，DNA结构与分析，DNA复制与重组，染色体DNA的组织，重组DNA技术和基因克隆，遗传密码和转录，翻译，基因突变和DNA修复，原核生物基因表达，真核生物基因表达调控，模式生物的发育遗传学，癌症和细胞周期调控，基因组学，蛋白质组学，生物信息学，基因组动力学：转座子，免疫遗传学，真核病毒，基因组分析——基因功能，基因工程的应用及生物伦理剖析，数量遗传学和多因子性状，行为遗传学，群体遗传学，进化遗传学，保护遗传学。

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• Brief Contents
  PART ONE GENES,CHROMOSOMES,ANDHEREDITY
  1 Introduction to Genetics 1
  2 Mitosis and Meiosis 18
  3 Mendelian Genetics 42
  4 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics 70
  5 Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes 105
  6 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages 143
  7 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes 173
  8 Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Chromosome Number and Arrangement 198
  9 Extranuclear Inheritance 227
  PART TWO DNA:STRUCTURE,REPLICATION,AND VARIATION
  10 DNA Structure and Analysis 245
  11 DNA Replication and Recombination 278
  12 DNA Organization in Chromosomes 302
  13 Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Cloning 322
  PART THREE GENE EXPRESSION,REGULATION,AND DEVELOPMENT
  14 The Genetic Code and Transcription 352
  15 Translation and Proteins 381
  16 Gene Mutation and DNA Repair 410
  17 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 435
  18 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 457
  19 Developmental Genetics of Model Organisms 484
  20 Cancer and Regulation of the Cell Cycle 511
  PART FOUR GENOMICS
  21 Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics 531
  22 Genome Dynamics: Transposons, Immunogenetics, and Eukaryotic Viruses 574
  23 Genomic Analysis—Dissection of Gene Function 605
  24 Applications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 633
  PART FIVE GENETICS OF ORGANISMS AND POPULATION
  25 Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits 668
  26 Genetics and Behavior 688
  27 Population Genetics 710
  28 Evolutionary Genetics 737
  29 Conservation Genetics 762
  Appendix A Glossary A-1
  Appendix B Answers to Selected Problems A-18
  Appendix C Selected Readings A-57
  Credits C-1
  Index I-1
  Contents
  Preface
  PART ONE GENES,CHROMOSOMES,AND HEREDITY
  1 Introduction to Genetics 1
  1.1 Genetics Progressed from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century 2
  Mendel’s Work on Transmission of Traits 2
  The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: Uniting Mendel and Meiosis 3
  Genetic Variation 4
  The Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes: DNA or Protein? 5
  1.2 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Era of Molecular Genetics 5
  The Structure of DNA and RNA 5
  Gene Expression: From DNA to Phenotype 5
  Proteins and Biological Function 6
  Linking Genotype to Phenotype: Sickle-Cell Anemia 7
  1.3 Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of Cloning 8
  1.4 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Continually Expanding 8
  Plants, Animals, and the Food Supply 9
  Who Owns Transgenic Organisms? 9
  Biotechnology in Genetics and Medicine 10
  1.5 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics Are New and Expanding Fields 10
  1.6 Genetic Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms 12
  The Modern Set of Genetic Model Organisms 12
  Model Organisms and Human Diseases 13
  1.7 We Live in the Age of Genetics 14
  The Nobel Prize and Genetics 14
  Genetics and Society 15
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Genetics and Society: The Application and Impact of Science and Technology 15
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Internet Resources for Learning about the Genomes of Model Organisms 16
  Chapter Summary 17
  Problems and Discussion Questions 17
  2 Mitosis and Meiosis 18
  2.1 Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function 19
  2.2 Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs in Diploid Organisms 21
  2.3 Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells 23
  Interphase and the Cell Cycle 24
  Prophase 24
  Prometaphase and Metaphase 25
  Anaphase 25
  Telophase 26
  Cell-Cycle Regulation and Checkpoints 27
  2.4 Meiosis Reduces the Chromosome Number from Diploid to Haploid in Germ Cells and Spores 28
  An Overview of Meiosis 28
  The First Meiotic Division: Prophase I 28
  Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase I 31
  The Second Meiotic Division 31
  2.5 The Development of Gametes Varies in Spermatogenesis Compared to Oogenesis 31
  2.6 Meiosis Is Critical to the Successful Sexual Reproduction of All Diploid Organisms 32
  2.7 Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Physical Structure of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes 34
  The Synaptonemal Complex 36
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Breast Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic Testing 37
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  PubMed: Exploring and Retrieving Biomedical Literature 38
  Chapter Summary 38
  Insights and Solutions 39
  Problems and Discussion Questions 40
  Extra-Spicy Problems 41
  3 Mendelian Genetics 42
  3.1 Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance 43
  3.2 The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How One Trait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation 43
  Mendel’s First Three Postulates 45
  Modern Genetic Terminology 45
  Mendel’s Analytical Approach 45
  Punnett Squares 46
  The Testcross: One Character 46
  3.3 Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross Generated a Unique F2 Ratio 47
  Mendel’s Fourth Postulate: Independent Assortment 47
  How Mendel’s Peas Become Wrinkled: A Molecular Explanation 48
  The Testcross: Two Characters 49
  3.4 The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel’s Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Traits 49
  The Forked-Line Method, or Branch Diagram 50
  3.5 Mendel’s Work Was Rediscovered in the Early Twentieth Century 52
  3.6 The Correlation of Mendel’s Postulates with the Behavior of Chromosomes Provided the Foundation of Modern Transmission Genetics 52
  The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance 52
  Unit Factors, Genes, and Homologous Chromosomes 52
  3.7 Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive Genetic Variation 54
  3.8 Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events 54
  Conditional Probability 55
  The Binomial Theorem 55
  3.9 Chi-Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence of Chance on Genetic Data 56
  Chi-Square Calculations and the Null Hypothesis 57
  Interpreting Probability Values 58
  3.10 Pedigrees Reveal Patterns of Inheritance of Human Traits 59
  Pedigree Conventions 59
  Pedigree Analysis 60
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Tay–Sachs Disease: The Molecular Basis of a Recessive Disorder in Humans 61
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 62
  Chapter Summary 63
  Insights and Solutions 63
  Problems and Discussion Questions 66
  Extra-Spicy Problems 68
  4 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics 70
  4.1 Alleles Alter Phenotypes in Different Ways 71
  4.2 Geneticists Use a Variety of Symbols for Alleles 72
  4.3 Neither Allele Is Dominant in Incomplete, or Partial, Dominance 72
  4.4 In Codominance, the Influence of Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is Clearly Evident 73
  4.5 Multiple Alleles of a Gene May Exist in a Population 74
  The ABO Blood Groups 74
  The A and B Antigens 75
  The Bombay Phenotype 76
  The white Locus in Drosophila 76
  4.6 Lethal Alleles Represent Essential Genes 77
  Recessive Lethal Mutations 77
  Dominant Lethal Mutations 78
  4.7 Combinations of Two Gene Pairs with Two Modes of
  Inheritance Modify the 9:3:3:1 Ratio 78
  4.8 Phenotypes Are Often Affected by More Than One Gene 79
  Epistasis 79
  Novel Phenotypes 82
  Other Modified Dihybrid Ratios 84
  4.9 Complementation Analysis Can Determine If Two Mutations Causing a Similar Phenotype Are Alleles 84
  4.10 Expression of a Single Gene May Have Multiple Effects 84
  4.11 X-Linkage Describes Genes on the X Chromosome 85
  X-Linkage in Drosophila 86
  X-Linkage in Humans 86
  Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome: The Molecular Basis of a Rare X-Linked Recessive Disorder 88
  4.12 In Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Inheritance, an Individual’s Sex Influences the Phenotype 89
  4.13 Genetic Background and the Environment May Alter Phenotypic Expression 90
  Penetrance and Expressivity 90
  Genetic Background: Suppression and Position Effects 91
  Temperature Effects—An Introduction to Conditional Mutations 91
  Nutritional Effects 92
  Onset of Genetic Expression 92
  Genetic Anticipation 93
  Genomic (Parental) Imprinting 93
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Improving the Genetic Fate of Purebred Dogs 94
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  The Human Epigenome Project 95
  Chapter Summary 96
  Insights and Solutions 97
  Problems and Discussion Questions 98
  Extra-Spicy Problems 102
  5 Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes 105
  5.1 Genes Linked on the Same Chromosome Segregate Together 106
  The Linkage Ratio 107
  5.2 Crossing Over Serves as the Basis for Determining the Distance between Genes in Chromosome Mapping 109
  Morgan and Crossing Over 109
  Sturtevant and Mapping 109
  Single Crossovers 111
  5.3 Determining the Gene Sequence during Mapping Requires the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers 112
  Multiple Exchanges 112
  Three-Point Mapping in Drosophila 113
  Determining the Gene Sequence 115
  A Mapping Problem in Maize 116
  5.4 Interference Affects the Recovery of Multiple Exchanges 119
  5.5 As the Distance between Two Genes Increases, the Results of Mapping Experiments Become Less Accurate 120
  5.6 Drosophila Genes Have Been Extensively Mapped 121
  5.7 Lod Score Analysis and Somatic Cell Hybridization Were Historically Important in Creating Human Chromosome Maps 121
  5.8 Chromosome Mapping Is Now Possible Using DNA Markers and Annotated Computer Databases 124
  5.9 Crossing Over Involves a Physical Exchange between Chromatids 125
  5.10 Recombination Occurs between Mitotic Chromosomes 125
  5.11 Exchanges Also Occur between Sister Chromatids 126
  5.12 Linkage and Mapping Studies Can Be Performed in Haploid Organisms 127
  Gene-to-Centromere Mapping 129
  Ordered versus Unordered Tetrad Analysis 130
  Linkage and Mapping 130
  5.13 Did Mendel Encounter Linkage? 133
  Why Didn’t Gregor Mendel Find Linkage? 133
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Human Chromosome Maps on the Internet 134
  Chapter Summary 135
  Insights and Solutions 135
  Problems and Discussion Questions 137
  Extra-Spicy Problems 141
  6 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages 143
  6.1 Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Grow at an Exponential Rate 144
  6.2 Conjugation Is One Means of Genetic Recombination in Bacteria 145
  F+ and F– Bacteria 146
  Hfr Bacteria and Chromosome Mapping 147
  Recombination in Matings: A Reexamination 151
  The State and Merozygotes 151
  6.3 Rec Proteins Are Essential to Bacterial Recombination 151
  6.4 The F Factor Is an Example of a Plasmid 153
  6.5 Transformation Is Another Process Leading to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria 153
  The Transformation Process 154
  Transformation and Linked Genes 155
  6.6 Bacteriophages Are Bacterial Viruses 155
  Phage T4: Structure and Life Cycle 155
  The Plaque Assay 156
  Lysogeny 157
  6.7 Transduction Is Virus-Mediated Bacterial DNA Transfer 158
  The Lederberg-Zinder Experiment 158
  The Nature of Transduction 158
  Transduction and Mapping 160
  6.8 Bacteriophages Undergo Intergenic Recombination 160
  Bacteriophage Mutations 160
  Mapping in Bacteriophages 161
  6.9 Intragenic Recombination Occurs in Phage T4 161
  The rII Locus of Phage T4 162
  Complementation by rII Mutations 162
  Recombinational Analysis 163
  Deletion Testing of the rII Locus 163
  The rII Gene Map 164
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Bacterial Genes and Disease: From Gene Expression to Edible Vaccines 166
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Microbial Genome Program (MGP) 167
  Chapter Summary 168
  Insights and Solutions 168
  Problems and Discussion Questions 169
  Extra-Spicy Problems 171
  7 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes 173
  7.1 Life Cycles Depend on Sexual Differentiation 174
  Chlamydomonas 174
  Zea mays 175
  Caenorhabditis elegans 176
  7.2 X and Y Chromosomes Were First Linked to Sex Determination Early in the Twentieth Century 177
  7.3 The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness in Humans 178
  Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes 178
  47,XXX Syndrome 180
  47,XYY Condition 180
  Sexual Differentiation in Humans 181
  The Y Chromosome and Male Development 182
  7.4 The Ratio of Males to Females in Humans Is Not 1.0 183
  7.5 Dosage Compensation Prevents Excessive Expression of X-Linked Genes in Humans and Other Mammals 184
  Barr Bodies 184
  The Lyon Hypothesis 185
  The Mechanism of Inactivation 186
  7.6 The Ratio of X Chromosomes to Sets of Autosomes Determines Sex in Drosophila 187
  Dosage Compensation in Drosophila 189
  Drosophila Mosaics 190
  7.7 Temperature Variation Controls Sex Determination in Reptiles 190
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  A Question of Gender: Sex Selection in Humans 192
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  The Ovarian Kaleidoscope Database (OKDB) 193
  Chapter Summary 194
  Insights and Solutions 194
  Problems and Discussion Questions 194
  Extra-Spicy Problems 195
  8 Chromosome Mutations:
  Variation in Chromosome Number and Arrangement 198
  8.1 Specific Terminology Describes Variations in Chromosome Number 199
  Variation in the Number of Chromosomes Results from Nondisjunction 199
  8.2 Monosomy, the Loss of a Single Chromosome, May Have Severe Phenotypic Effects 200
  8.3 Trisomy Involves the Addition of a Chromosome to a Diploid Genome 200
  Down Syndrome 201
  Patau Syndrome 203
  Edwards Syndrome 204
  Viability in Human Aneuploidy 204
  8.4 Polyploidy, in Which More Than Two Haploid Sets of Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Plants 205
  Autopolyploidy 205
  Allopolyploidy 206
  Endopolyploidy 208
  8.5 Variation Occurs in the Internal Composition and Arrangement of Chromosomes 208
  8.6 A Deletion Is a Missing Region of a Chromosome 209
  Cri du Chat Syndrome in Humans 210
  Drosophila Heterozygous for Deficiencies May Exhibit Pseudodominance 210
  8.7 A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of the Genetic Material 211
  Gene Redundancy and Amplification: Ribosomal RNA Genes 211
  The Bar Mutation in Drosophila 212
  The Role of Gene Duplication in Evolution 213
  Copy Number Variants (CNVs)—Duplications and Deletions of Specific DNA Sequences 214
  8.8 Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene Sequence 214
  Consequences of Inversions during Gamete Formation 215
  Position Effects of Inversions 216
  Evolutionary Advantages of Inversions 217
  8.9 Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the Genome 217
  Translocations in Humans: Familial Down Syndrome 218
  8.10 Fragile Sites in Humans Are Susceptible to Chromosome Breakage 218
  Fragile X Syndrome (Martin–Bell Syndrome) 219
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  The Link between Fragile Sites and Cancer 220
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology 221
  Chapter Summary 222
  Insights and Solutions 223
  Problems and Discussion Questions 224
  Extra-Spicy Problems 225
  9 Extranuclear Inheritance 227
  9.1 Organelle Heredity Involves DNA in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria 228
  Chloroplasts: Variegation in Four O’Clock Plants 228
  Chloroplast Mutations in Chlamydomonas 228
  Mitochondrial Mutations: The Case of poky in Neurospora 229
  Petites in Saccharomyces 230
  9.2 Knowledge of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Helps Explain Organelle Heredity 231
  Organelle DNA and the Endosymbiotic Theory 231
  Molecular Organization and Gene Products of Chloroplast DNA 232
  Molecular Organization and Gene Products of Mitochondrial DNA 233
  9.3 Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA Cause Human Disorders 234
  9.4 Infectious Heredity Is Based on a Symbiotic Relationship between Host Organism and Invader 236
  Kappa in Paramecium 236
  Infective Particles in Drosophila 236
  9.5 In Maternal Effect, the Maternal Genotype Has a Strong Influence during Early Development 237
  Ephestia Pigmentation 237
  Limnaea Coiling 238
  Embryonic Development in Drosophila 239
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Mitochondrial DNA and the Mystery of the Romanovs 239
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Mitochondrial Genes and Mitomap 240
  Chapter Summary 241
  Insights and Solutions 242
  Problems and Discussion Questions 242
  Extra-Spicy Problems 243
  PART TWO DNA:STRUCTURE,REPLICATION,AND VARIATION
  10 DNA Structure and Analysis 245
  10.1 The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics 246
  10.2 Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material 247
  10.3 Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria and Bacteriophages 247
  Transformation: Early Studies 247
  Transformation: The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment 249
  The Hershey–Chase Experiment 250
  Transfection Experiments 251
  10.4 Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept that DNA Is the Genetic Material in Eukaryotes 253
  Indirect Evidence: Distribution of DNA 253
  Indirect Evidence: Mutagenesis 253
  Direct Evidence: Recombinant DNA Studies 254
  10.5 RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some Viruses 254
  10.6 Knowledge of Nucleic Acid Chemistry Is Essential to the Understanding of DNA Structure 255
  Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids 255
  Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates 256
  Polynucleotides 256
  10.7 The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its Function 257
  Base-Composition Studies 258
  X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 259
  The Watson–Crick Model 259
  Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid 261
  10.8 Alternative Forms of DNA Exist 262
  10.9 The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single Stranded 263
  10.10 Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNA 264
  Absorption of Ultraviolet Light 264
  Sedimentation Behavior 264
  Denaturation and Renaturation of Nucleic Acids 266
  Molecular Hybridization 267
  Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) 268
  Reassociation Kinetics and Repetitive DNA 268
  Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids 270
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  The Twists and Turns of the Helical Revolution 271
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Introduction to Bioinformatics: BLAST 272
  Chapter Summary 273
  Insights and Solutions 274
  Problems and Discussion Questions 275
  Extra-Spicy Problems 276
  11 DNA Replication and Recombination 278
  11.1 DNA Is Reproduced by Semiconservative Replication 279
  The Meselson–Stahl Experiment 280
  Semiconservative Replication in Eukaryotes 281
  Origins, Forks, and Units of Replication 282
  11.2 DNA Synthesis in Bacteria Involves Five Polymerases, as Well as Other Enzymes 283
  DNA Polymerase I 283
  Synthesis of Biologically Active DNA 284
  DNA Polymerases II, III, IV, and V 285
  11.3 Many Complex Tasks Must Be Performed during DNA Replication 286
  Unwinding the DNA Helix 286
  Initiation of DNA Synthesis with an RNA Primer 287
  Continuous and Discontinuous DNA Synthesis of Antiparallel Strands 287
  Concurrent Synthesis on the Leading and Lagging Strands 288
  Integrated Proofreading and Error Correction 288
  11.4 A Summary of DNA Replication in Prokaryotes 289
  11.5 Replication in Prokaryotes Is Controlled by a Variety of Genes 289
  11.6 Eukaryotic DNA Synthesis Is Similar to Synthesis in Prokaryotes, but More Complex 290
  Multiple Replication Origins 290
  Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases 291
  11.7 Telomeres Provide Structural Integrity at Chromosome Ends but Are Problematic to Replicate 292
  Telomere Structure 292
  Replication at the Telomere 292
  11.8 DNA Recombination, Like DNA Replication, Is Directed by Specific Enzymes 294
  11.9 Gene Conversion Is a Consequence of DNA Recombination 294
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Telomeres: Defining the End of the Line? 296
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Entrez: A Gateway to Genome Resources 297
  Chapter Summary 298
  Insights and Solutions 298
  Problems and Discussion Questions 299
  Extra-Spicy Problems 300
  12 DNA Organization in Chromosomes 302
  12.1 Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes Are Relatively Simple DNA Molecules 303
  12.2 Supercoiling Facilitates Compaction of the DNA of Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes 305
  12.3 Specialized Chromosomes Reveal Variations in the Organization of DNA 306
  Polytene Chromosomes 306
  Lampbrush Chromosomes 307
  12.4 DNA Is Organized into Chromatin in Eukaryotes 308
  Chromatin Structure and Nucleosomes 308
  High-Resolution Studies of the Nucleosome Core 310
  Heterochromatin 312
  12.5 Chromosome Banding Differentiates Regions along the Mitotic Chromosome 312
  12.6 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Demonstrate Complex Sequence Organization Characterized by Repetitive DNA 313
  Satellite DNA 313
  Centromeric DNA Sequences 314
  Telomeric DNA Sequences 315
  Middle Repetitive Sequences: VNTRs and STRs 316
  Repetitive Transposed Sequences: SINEs and LINEs 316
  Middle Repetitive Multiple-Copy Genes 316
  12.7 The Vast Majority of a Eukaryotic Genome Does Not Encode Functional Genes 316
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  UniGene Transcript Maps 317
  Chapter Summary 318
  Insights and Solutions 318
  Problems and Discussion Questions 319
  Extra-Spicy Problems 320
  13 Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Cloning 322
  13.1 Recombinant DNA Technology Combines Several Laboratory Techniques 323
  13.2 Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA at Specific Recognition Sequences 323
  13.3 Vectors Carry DNA Molecules to Be Cloned 325
  Plasmid Vectors 325
  Lambda (l) Phage Vectors 326
  Cosmid Vectors 327
  Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes 328
  Expression Vectors 328
  13.4 DNA Was First Cloned in Prokaryotic Host Cells 329
  13.5 Yeast Cells Are Used as Eukaryotic Hosts for Cloning 330
  13.6 Plant and Animal Cells Can Be Used as Host Cells for Cloning 330
  Plant Cell Hosts 331
  Mammalian Cell Hosts 331
  13.7 The Polymerase Chain Reaction Makes DNA Copies Without Host Cells 332
  Limitations of PCR 333
  Other Applications of PCR 333
  13.8 Recombinant Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Sequences 333
  Genomic Libraries 333
  Chromosome-Specific Libraries 334
  cDNA Libraries 335
  13.9 Specific Clones Can Be Recovered from a Library 336
  Probes Identify Specific Clones 336
  Screening a Library 337
  13.10 Cloned Sequences Can Be Analyzed in Several Ways 338
  Restriction Mapping 338
  Nucleic Acid Blotting 339
  13.11 DNA Sequencing Is the Ultimate Way to Characterize a Clone 341
  Recombinant DNA Technology and Genomics 342
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Beyond Dolly: The Cloning of Humans 344
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Manipulating Recombinant DNA: Restriction Mapping and Designing PCR Primers 345
  Chapter Summary 346
  Insights and Solutions 347
  Problems and Discussion Questions 347
  Extra-Spicy Problems 350
  PART THREE GENEEX P R ESION , REGULATION,AND DEVELOPMENT
  14 The Genetic Code and Transcription 352
  14.1 The Genetic Code Uses Ribonucleotide Bases as “Letters” 353
  14.2 Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code 354
  The Triplet Nature of the Code 354
  The Nonoverlapping Nature of the Code 354
  The Commaless and Degenerate Nature of the Code 355
  14.3 Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei, and Others Led to Deciphering of the Code 355
  Synthesizing Polypeptides in a Cell-Free System 355
  Homopolymer Codes 356
  Mixed Copolymers 356
  The Triplet Binding Assay 357
  Repeating Copolymers 358
  14.4 The Coding Dictionary Reveals Several Interesting Patterns among the 64 Codons 359
  Degeneracy and the Wobble Hypothesis 359
  The Ordered Nature of the Code 360
  Initiation, Termination, and Suppression 361
  14.5 The Genetic Code Has Been Confirmed in Studies of Phage MS2 361
  14.6 The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal 361
  14.7 Different Initiation Points Create Overlapping Genes 362
  14.8 Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template 363
  14.9 Studies with Bacteria and Phages Provided Evidence for the Existence of mRNA 363
  14.10 RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis 364
  Promoters, Template Binding, and the s Subunit 364
  Initiation, Elongation, and Termination of RNA Synthesis 365
  14.11 Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Prokaryotic Transcription in Several Ways 366
  Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes 366
  Recent Discoveries Concerning RNA Polymerase Function 367
  Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA and Its Processing: Caps and Tails 368
  14.12 The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences 369
  Splicing Mechanisms: Autocatalytic RNAs 370
  Splicing Mechanisms: The Spliceosome 371
  RNA Editing Modifies the Final Transcript 372
  14.13 Transcription Has Been Visualized by Electron Microscopy 373
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Nucleic Acid-Based Gene Silencing: Attacking the Messenger 373
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Transcriptome Databases and Noncoding RNA Databases 374
  Chapter Summary 376
  Insights and Solutions 376
  Problems and Discussion Questions 377
  Extra-Spicy Problems 378
  15 Translation and Proteins 381
  15.1 Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs 382
  Ribosomal Structure 382
  tRNA Structure 383
  Charging tRNA 385
  15.2 Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps 386
  Initiation 386
  Elongation 387
  Termination 388
  Polyribosomes 388
  15.3 Crystallographic Analysis Has Revealed Many Details about the Functional Prokaryotic Ribosome 389
  15.4 Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes 390
  15.5 The Initial Insight That Proteins Are Important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism 390
  Phenylketonuria 391
  15.6 Studies of Neurospora Led to the One-Gene: One- Enzyme Hypothesis 392
  Analysis of Neurospora Mutants by Beadle and Tatum 392
  Genes and Enzymes: Analysis of Biochemical Pathways 392
  15.7 Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established That One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide 394
  Sickle-Cell Anemia 394
  Human Hemoglobins 396
  15.8 The Nucleotide Sequence of a Gene and the Amino Acid Sequence of the Corresponding Protein Exhibit Colinearity 396
  15.9 Variation in Protein Structure Provides the Basis of Biological Diversity 397
  15.10 Posttranslational Modification Alters the Final Protein Product 399
  15.11 Proteins Function in Many Diverse Roles 400
  15.12 Proteins Are Made Up of One or More Functional Domains 401
  Exon Shuffling 401
  The Origin of Protein Domains 402
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Mad Cow Disease: The Prion Story 403
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Translation Tools, Swiss-Prot, and Protein–Protein Interaction Databases 404
  Chapter Summary 405
  Insights and Solutions 406
  Problems and Discussion Questions 406
  Extra-Spicy Problems 407
  16 Gene Mutation and DNA Repair 410
  16.1 Gene Mutations Are Classified in Various Ways 411
  Spontaneous and Induced Mutations 411
  The Luria-Delbruck Fluctuation Test: Are Mutations Spontaneous or Adaptive? 411
  Classification Based on Location of Mutation 413
  Classification Based on Type of Molecular Change 413
  Classification Based on Phenotypic Effects 414
  16.2 Spontaneous Mutations Arise from Replication Errors and Base Modifications 415
  DNA Replication Errors 415
  Replication Slippage 415
  Tautomeric Shifts 415
  Depurination and Deamination 415
  Oxidative Damage 417
  Transposons 417
  16.3 Induced Mutations Arise from DNA Damage Caused by Chemicals and Radiation 417
  Base Analogs 417
  Alkylating Agents and Acridine Dyes 418
  Ultraviolet Light 418
  Ionizing Radiation 418
  16.4 Genomics and Gene Sequencing Have Enhanced Our Understanding of Mutations in Humans 419
  ABO Blood Groups 419
  Muscular Dystrophy 420
  Fragile X Syndrome, Myotonic Dystrophy, and Huntington Disease 420
  16.5 The Ames Test Is Used to Assess the Mutagenicity of Compounds 421
  16.6 Organisms Use DNA Repair Systems to Counteract Mutations 421
  Proofreading and Mismatch Repair 422
  Postreplication Repair and the SOS Repair System 422
  Photoreactivation Repair: Reversal of UV Damage 423
  Base and Nucleotide Excision Repair 423
  Nucleotide Excision Repair and Xeroderma Pigmentosum in Humans 424
  Double-Strand Break Repair in Eukaryotes 425
  16.7 Geneticists Use Mutations to Identify Genes and Study Gene Function 426
  Hemophilia in the Royal Family 427
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  In the Shadow of Chernobyl 428
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Sequence Alignment to Identify a Mutation 429
  Chapter Summary 430
  Insights and Solutions 431
  Problems and Discussion Questions 431
  Extra-Spicy Problems 432
  17 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 435
  17.1 Prokaryotes Regulate Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Conditions 436
  17.2 Lactose Metabolism in E. coli Is Regulated by an Inducible System 436
  Structural Genes 437
  The Discovery of Regulatory Mutations 438
  The Operon Model: Negative Control 438
  Genetic Proof of the Operon Model 439
  Isolation of the Repressor 441
  17.3 The Catabolite-Activating Protein (CAP) Exerts Positive Control over the lac Operon 442
  17.4 Crystal Structure Analysis of Repressor Complexes Has Confirmed the Operon Model 443
  17.5 The Tryptophan (trp) Operon in E. coli Is a Repressible Gene System 444
  Evidence for the trp Operon 445
  17.6 Attenuation Is a Critical Process in Regulation of the trp Operon in E. coli 446
  17.7 TRAP and AT Proteins Govern Attenuation in B. subtilis 446
  17.8 The ara Operon Is Controlled by a Regulator Protein That Exerts Both Positive and Negative Control 448
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Quorum Sensing: How Bacteria Talk to One Another 450
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Microarrays and MicrobesOnline 451
  Chapter Summary 452
  Insights and Solutions 453
  Problems and Discussion Questions 453
  Extra-Spicy Problems 454
  18 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 457
  18.1 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Can Occur at Any of the Steps Leading from DNA to Protein Product 458
  18.2 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Is Influenced by Chromosome Organization and Chromatin Modifications 459
  Chromosome Territories and Transcription Factories 459
  Chromatin Remodeling 460
  DNA Methylation 461
  18.3 Eukaryotic Gene Transcription Is Regulated at Specific Cis-Acting Sites 463
  Promoters 463
  Enhancers and Silencers 464
  18.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Is Regulated by Transcription Factors that Bind to Cis-Acting Sites 465
  The Human Metallothionein IIA Gene: Multiple Cis-Acting Elements and Transcription Factors 465
  Functional Domains of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors 466
  18.5 Activators and Repressors Regulate Transcription by
  Binding to Cis-Acting Sites and Interacting with Other Transcription Factors 467
  Formation of the Transcription Initiation Complex 467
  Interactions of the General Transcription Factors with Transcription Activators 467
  18.6 Gene Regulation in a Model Organism: Inducible Transcription of the GAL Genes of Yeast 469
  18.7 Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation Occurs at All the Steps from RNA Processing to Protein Modification 470
  Alternative Splicing of mRNA 471
  Sex Determination in Drosophila: A Model for Regulation of Alternative Splicing 472
  Control of mRNA Stability 473
  Translational and Post-translational Controls 474
  18.8 RNA Silencing Controls Gene Expression in Several Ways 476
  The Molecular Mechanisms of RNA Silencing 476
  RNA Silencing in Biotechnology and Therapy 477
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Gene Regulation and Human Genetic Disorders 478
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Tissue-Specific Gene Expression and the ENCODE (ENCyclopedia of DNA Elements) Project 479
  Chapter Summary 480
  Insights and Solutions 480
  Problems and Discussion Questions 481
  Extra-Spicy Problems 482
  19 Developmental Genetics of Model Organisms 484
  19.1 Developmental Genetics Seeks to Explain How a
  Differentiated State Develops from Genomic Patterns of Expression 485
  19.2 Evolutionary Conservation of Developmental Mechanisms Can Be Studied Using Model Organisms 486
  Model Organisms in the Study of Development 486
  Analysis of Developmental Mechanisms 487
  Basic Concepts in Developmental Genetics 487
  19.3 Genetic Analysis of Embryonic Development in Drosophila Revealed How the Body Axis of Animals Is Specified 487
  Overview of Drosophila Development 487
  Genetic Analysis of Embryogenesis 488
  19.4 Zygotic Genes Program Segment Formation in Drosophila 489
  Gap Genes 490
  Pair-Rule Genes 490
  Segment Polarity Genes 491
  Segmentation Genes in Mice and Humans 491
  19.5 Homeotic Selector Genes Specify Parts of the Adult Body 492
  Homeotic Selector (Hox) Genes in Drosophila 492
  Hox Genes and Human Genetic Disorders 493
  Control of Hox Gene Expression 495
  19.6 Cascades of Gene Action Control Differentiation 495
  19.7 Plants Have Evolved Systems That Parallel the Hox Genes of Animals 496
  Homeotic Genes in Arabidopsis 496
  Evolutionary Divergence in Homeotic Genes 498
  19.8 Cell–Cell Interactions in Development Are Modeled in C. elegans 498
  Signaling Pathways in Development 498
  The Notch Signaling Pathway 499
  Overview of C. elegans Development 499
  Genetic Analysis of Vulva Formation 500
  Notch Signaling Systems in Humans 501
  19.9 Transcriptional Networks Control Gene Expression in Development 502
  A General Model of a Transcription Network 502
  Transcriptional Networks in Drosophila Segmentation 502
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Stem Cell Wars 505
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Gene Collections for Model Organisms 506
  Chapter Summary 506
  Insights and Solutions 507
  Problems and Discussion Questions 508
  Extra-Spicy Problems 509
  20 Cancer and Regulation of the Cell Cycle 511
  20.1 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease That Arises at the Level of Somatic Cells 512
  What Is Cancer? 512
  The Clonal Origin of Cancer Cells 513
  Cancer As a Multistep Process, Requiring Multiple Mutations 513
  20.2 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Genomic Stability, DNA Repair, and Chromatin Modifications 514
  Genomic Instability and Defective DNA Repair 514
  Chromatin Modifications and Cancer Epigenetics 515
  20.3 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Cell-Cycle Regulation 516
  The Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction 516
  Cell-Cycle Control and Checkpoints 516
  Control of Apoptosis 517
  20.4 Many Cancer-Causing Genes Disrupt Control of the Cell Cycle 518
  The ras Proto-oncogenes 519
  The cyclin D1 and cyclin E Proto-oncogenes 520
  The p53 Tumor-suppressor Gene 520
  The RB1 Tumor-suppressor Gene 521
  20.5 Cancer Cells Metastasize, Invading Other Tissues 522
  20.6 Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited 522
  20.7 Viruses Contribute to Cancer in Both Humans and Animals 524
  20.8 Environmental Agents Contribute to Human Cancers 525
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Cancer in the Cross-Hairs: Taking Aim with Targeted Therapies 526
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) 527
  Chapter Summary 527
  Insights and Solutions 528
  Problems and Discussion Questions 529
  Extra-Spicy Problems 530
  PART FOUR GENOMICS
  21 Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics 531
  21.1 Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing Is a Widely Used Method for Sequencing and Assembling Entire Genomes 532
  High-Throughput Sequencing 533
  The Clone-by-Clone Approach 534
  Draft Sequences and Checking for Errors 536
  21.2 DNA Sequence Analysis Relies on Bioinformatics Applications and Genome Databases 536
  Annotation to Identify Gene Sequences 537
  Hallmark Characteristics of a Gene Sequence Can Be Recognized During Annotation 537
  21.3 Functional Genomics Attempts to Identify Potential Functions of Genes and Other Elements in a Genome 540
  Predicting Gene and Protein Functions by Sequence Analysis 540
  Predicting Function from Structural Analysis of Protein Domains and Motifs 541
  21.4 The Human Genome Project Reveals Many Important Aspects of Genome Organization in Humans 541
  Origins of the Project 541
  Major Features of the Human Genome 542
  21.5 The “Omics” Revolution Has Created a New Era of Biological Research Methods 545
  21.6 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genomes Display Common Structural and Functional Features and Important Differences 545
  Unexpected Features of Prokaryotic Genomes 546
  Organizational Patterns of Eukaryotic Genomes 548
  The Yeast Genome 549
  Plant Genomes 549
  The Minimum Genome for Living Cells 549
  21.7 Comparative Genomics Analyzes and Compares Genomes from Different Organisms 550
  The Dog as a Model Organism 550
  The Chimpanzee Genome 551
  The Rhesus Monkey Genome 552
  The Sea Urchin Genome 552
  Evolution and Function of Multigene Families 553
  21.8 Metagenomics Applies Genomics Techniques to Environmental Samples 555
  21.9 Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Profiles of Expressed Genes in Cells and Tissues 556
  21.10 Proteomics Identifies and Analyzes the Protein Composition of Cells 559
  Reconciling the Number of Genes and the Number of Proteins Expressed by a Cell or Tissue 560
  Proteomics Technologies: Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis for Separating Proteins 560
  Proteomics Technologies: Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification 561
  Identification of Collagen in Tyrannosaurus rex and Mammut americanum Fossils 563
  Environment-Induced Changes in the M. genitalium Proteome 564
  21.11 Systems Biology Is an Integrated Approach to Studying Interactions of All Components of an Organism’s Cells 565
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Personalized Genome Projects and the Quest for the $1000 Genome 567
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Contigs, Shotgun Sequencing, and Comparative Genomics 568
  Chapter Summary 569
  Insights and Solutions 570
  Problems and Discussion Questions 571
  Extra-Spicy Problems 573
  22 Genome Dynamics: Transposons, Immunogenetics, and Eukaryotic Viruses 574
  22.1 Transposable Elements Are Present in the Genomes of Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 575
  Insertion Sequences 575
  Bacterial Transposons 576
  The Ac–Ds System in Maize 577
  Mobile Genetic Elements in Peas: Mendel Revisited 578
  Copia Elements in Drosophila 578
  P Element Transposons in Drosophila 579
  Transposable Elements in Humans 579
  22.2 Transposons Use Two Different Methods to Move Within Genomes 579
  DNA Transposons and Transposition 580
  Retrotransposons and Transposition 580
  22.3 Transposons Create Mutations and Provide Raw Material for Evolution 583
  Transposon Silencing 583
  Transposons, Mutations, and Gene Expression 583
  Transposons and Evolution 585
  22.4 Immunoglobulin Genes Undergo Programmed Genome Rearrangements 585
  The Immune System and Antibody Diversity 585
  CONTENTS xvii
  Immunoglobulin and TCR structure 586
  The Generation of Antibody Diversity and Class Switching 587
  22.5 Eukaryotic Viruses Shuttle Genes Within and Between Genomes 589
  22.6 Retroviruses Move Genes In and Out of Genomes and Alter Host Gene Expression 589
  The Retroviral Life Cycle 590
  Retroviral Repercussions for Genome Rearrangement 592
  22.7 Large DNA Viruses Gain Genes by Recombining with Other Host and Viral Genomes 594
  Gene Transfer between Cellular and Viral Genomes 594
  Gene Transfer between Viruses 596
  22.8 RNA Viruses Acquire Host Genes and Evolve New Forms 596
  The Life Cycle of RNA Viruses 597
  Gene Transfer and Genome Variability in RNA Viruses 598
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Avian Influenza Information and Databases 600
  Chapter Summary 601
  Insights and Solutions 601
  Problems and Discussion Questions 602
  Extra-Spicy Problems 603
  23 Genomic Analysis—Dissection of Gene Function 605
  23.1 Geneticists Use Model Organisms to Answer Genetic and Genomic Questions 606
  Features of Genetic Model Organisms 606
  Yeast as a Genetic Model Organism 606
  Drosophila as a Genetic Model Organism 609
  The Mouse as a Genetic Model Organism 611
  23.2 Geneticists Dissect Gene Function Using Mutations and Forward Genetics 612
  Generating Mutants with Radiation, Chemicals, and Transposon Insertion 612
  Screening for Mutants 612
  Selecting for Mutants 614
  Defining the Genes 614
  Dissecting Genetic Networks and Pathways 615
  Extending the Analysis: Suppressors and Enhancers 616
  Extending the Analysis: Cloning the Genes 617
  Extending the Analysis: Gene Product Functions 617
  23.3 Geneticists Dissect Gene Function Using Genomics and Reverse Genetics 618
  Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Purified Protein 618
  Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Mutant Model Organism 619
  Genetic Analysis Beginning with the Cloned Gene or DNA Sequence 620
  Genetic Analysis Using Gene-Targeting Technologies 622
  23.4 Geneticists Dissect Gene Function Using RNAi, Functional Genomic, and Systems Biology Technologies 625
  RNAi: Genetics without Mutations 625
  High-Throughput and Functional Genomics Techniques 626
  Systems Biology and Gene Networks 627
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Whose DNA Is It, Anyway? 627
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  The Knockout Mouse Project 628
  Chapter Summary 629
  Insights and Solutions 630
  Problems and Discussion Questions 631
  Extra-Spicy Problems 632
  24 Applications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 633
  24.1 Genetically Engineered Organisms Synthesize a Wide Range of Biological and Pharmaceutical Products 634
  Insulin Production in Bacteria 634
  Transgenic Animal Hosts and Pharmaceutical Products 635
  Recombinant DNA Approaches for Vaccine Production and Transgenic Plants with Edible Vaccines 637
  24.2 Genetic Engineering of Plants Has Revolutionized Agriculture 638
  Transgenic Crops for Herbicide and Pest Resistance 639
  Nutritional Enhancement of Crop Plants 641
  24.3 Transgenic Animals with Genetically Enhanced Characteristics Have the Potential to Serve Important Roles in Agriculture and Biotechnology 641
  24.4 Genetic Engineering and Genomics Are Transforming Medical Diagnosis 643
  Genetic Tests Based on Restriction Enzyme Analysis 643
  Genetic Tests Using Allele-Specific Oligonucleotides 644
  Genetic Testing Using DNA Microarrays and Genome Scans 646
  Genetic Analysis Using Gene Expression Microarrays 648
  Application of Microarrays for Gene Expression and Genotype Analysis of Pathogens 650
  24.5 Genetic Engineering and Genomics Promise New, More Targeted Medical Therapies 652
  Pharmacogenomics and Rational Drug Design 652
  Gene Therapy 653
  24.6 DNA Profiles Help Identify Individuals 656
  DNA Profiling Based on DNA Minisatellites (VNTRs) 656
  DNA Profiling Based on DNA Microsatellites 657
  Terrorism and Natural Disasters Force Development of New Technologies 658
  Forensic Applications of DNA Profiling 658
  24.7 Genetic Engineering, Genomics, and Biotechnology Create Ethical, Social, and Legal Questions 659
  Concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms and GM Foods 659
  Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas 659
  The Ethical Concerns Surrounding Gene Therapy 660
  The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) Program 660
  DNA and Gene Patents 660
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Gene Therapy—Two Steps Forward or Two Steps Back? 661
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Genomics Applications to Identify Gene Expression Signatures of Breast Cancer 662
  Chapter Summary 663
  Insights and Solutions 663
  Problems and Discussion Questions 664
  Extra-Spicy Problems 666
  PART FIVE GENETICS O F ORGANISMSAND POPULATION
  25 Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits 668
  25.1 Not All Polygenic Traits Show Continuous Variation 669
  25.2 Quantitative Traits Can Be Explained in Mendelian Terms 670
  The Multiple-Gene Hypothesis for Quantitative Inheritance 670
  Additive Alleles: The Basis of Continuous Variation 671
  Calculating the Number of Polygenes 671
  25.3 The Study of Polygenic Traits Relies on Statistical Analysis 672
  The Mean 672
  Variance 673
  Standard Deviation 673
  Standard Error of the Mean 673
  Covariance 673
  Analysis of a Quantitative Character 674
  25.4 Heritability Values Estimate the Genetic Contribution to Phenotypic Variability 674
  Broad-Sense Heritability 675
  Narrow-Sense Heritability 676
  Artificial Selection 676
  25.5 Twin Studies Allow an Estimation of Heritability in Humans 678
  25.6 Quantitative Trait Loci Can Be Mapped 678
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  The Green Revolution Revisited: Genetic Research with Rice 680
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  ALFRED and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) 681
  Chapter Summary 682
  Insights and Solutions 682
  CONTENTS xix
  Problems and Discussion Questions 683
  Extra-Spicy Problems 685
  26 Genetics and Behavior 688
  26.1 Behavioral Differences Between Genetic Strains Can Be Identified 689
  Inbred Mouse Strains: Differences in Alcohol Preference 690
  Emotional Behavior Differences in Inbred Mouse Strains 690
  26.2 Artificial Selection Can Establish Genetic Strains with Behavioral Differences 692
  Maze Learning in Rats 692
  Artificial Selection for Geotaxis in Drosophila 693
  26.3 Drosophila Is a Model Organism for Behavior Genetics 694
  Genetic Control of Courtship 695
  Dissecting Behavior with Genetic Mosaics 695
  Functional Analysis of the Nervous System 699
  Drosophila Can Learn and Remember 700
  26.4 Human Behavior Has Genetic Components 701
  Single Genes and Behavior: Huntington Disease 701
  A Transgenic Mouse Model of Huntington Disease 701
  Mechanisms of Huntington Disease 702
  Multifactorial Behavioral Traits: Schizophrenia 702
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Genetics of Sexual Orientation 704
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  HomoloGene: Searching for Behavioral Genes 705
  Chapter Summary 706
  Insights and Solutions 706
  Problems and Discussion Questions 707
  Extra-Spicy Problems 708
  27 Population Genetics 710
  27.1 Allele Frequencies in Population Gene Pools Vary in Space and Time 711
  27.2 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Describes the Relationship between Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies in an Ideal Population 711
  27.3 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Can Be Applied to Human Populations 713
  Calculating an Allele’s Frequency 713
  Testing for Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium 715
  27.4 The Hardy–Weinberg Law Can Be Used to Study Multiple Alleles, X-Linked Traits,and Heterozygote Frequencies 716
  Calculating Frequencies for Multiple Alleles in Hardy–Weinberg Populations 716
  Calculating Frequencies for X-linked Traits 716
  Calculating Heterozygote Frequency 717
  27.5 Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change 718
  Natural Selection 718
  Fitness and Selection 718
  Selection in Natural Populations 720
  Natural Selection and Quantitative Traits 721
  27.6 Mutation Creates New Alleles in a Gene Pool 722
  27.7 Migration and Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies 724
  27.8 Genetic Drift Causes Random Changes in Allele Frequency in Small Populations 726
  Founder Effects in Human Populations 726
  Allele Loss during a Bottleneck 727
  27.9 Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequency but Not Allele Frequency 728
  Coefficient of Inbreeding 728
  Outcomes of Inbreeding 729
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa 731
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and the Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD) 732
  Chapter Summary 733
  Insights and Solutions 733
  Problems and Discussion Questions 734
  Extra-Spicy Problems 735
  28 Evolutionary Genetics 737
  28.1 Speciation Can Occur by Transformation or by Splitting Gene Pools 738
  28.2 Most Populations and Species Harbor Considerable Genetic Variation 739
  Artificial Selection 739
  Variations in Amino Acid Sequence 740
  Variations in Nucleotide Sequence 740
  Explaining the High Level of Genetic Variation in Populations 741
  28.3 The Genetic Structure of Populations Changes across Space and Time 742
  28.4 Defining a Species Is a Challenge for Evolutionary Biology 744
  28.5 Reduced Gene Flow, Selection, and Genetic Drift Can Lead to Speciation 745
  Examples of Speciation 746
  The Minimum Genetic Divergence for Speciation 747
  The Rate of Speciation 748
  28.6 Genetic Differences Can Be Used to Reconstruct Evolutionary History 750
  Constructing Evolutionary Trees from Genetic Data 750
  Molecular Clocks 752
  28.7 Reconstructing Evolutionary History Allows Us to Answer Many Questions 753
  Transmission of HIV 753
  Neanderthals and Modern Humans 754
  Neanderthal Genomics 754
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  What Can We Learn from the Failure of the Eugenics Movement? 756
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  ClustalW and Phylogenetic Analysis 757
  Chapter Summary 758
  Insights and Solutions 758
  Problems and Discussion Questions 759
  Extra-Spicy Problems 759
  29 Conservation Genetics 762
  29.1 Genetic Diversity Is the Goal of Conservation Genetics 764
  Loss of Genetic Diversity 765
  Identifying Genetic Diversity 765
  29.2 Population Size Has a Major Impact on Species Survival 766
  29.3 Genetic Effects Are More Pronounced in Small, Isolated Populations 768
  Genetic Drift 768
  Inbreeding 768
  Reduction in Gene Flow 769
  29.4 Genetic Erosion Threatens Species’ Survival 770
  29.5 Conservation of Genetic Diversity Is Essential to Species Survival 771
  Ex Situ Conservation: Captive Breeding 771
  Rescue of the Black-Footed Ferret through Captive Breeding 772
  Ex Situ Conservation and Gene Banks 772
  In Situ Conservation 773
  Population Augmentation 773
  GENETICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIET Y
  Gene Pools and Endangered Species: The Plight of the Florida Panther 774
  EXPLORING GENOMICS
  PopSet: Examining the Genomes of Endangered Species 775
  Chapter Summary 776
  Insights and Solutions 777
  Problems and Discussion Questions 777
  Extra-Spicy Problems 778
  Appendix A Glossary A-1
  Appendix B Answers to Selected Problems A-18
  Appendix C Selected Readings A-57
  Credits C-1
  Index I-1