Contents Foreword 1 Introduction1 1.1 From the Obscurity of Park Boundaries to a Framework of Theoretical Hypotheses1 1.2 Literature Review in Geographies4 1.2.1 Boundary studies within the human geography4 1.2.2 Studies on borderland, outbound or inbound tourism7 1.2.3 National park boundary studies around the globe9 1.2.4 Boundary studies pertinent to China’s nature reserves and national parks11 1.2.5 Studies on dynamic boundaries and boundary dynamics13 1.2.6 A summary on boundary studies16 1.3 Research Goals, Contents and Methodologies17 1.4 Innovative Findings23 2 Boundary-Bounding Mechanism Based on Natural Conditions and SocialContexts25 2.1 Introduction25 2.1.1 Patch or Segmentation Related Concepts and Applications25 2.1.2 Island Biogeography and the SLOSS Debate26 2.1.3 Geographical Studies on Boundary Shapes and Structures27 2.2 Park Classification Based on Boundary Shapes and Structures28 2.2.1 Two major classes28 2.2.2 Class I’s detailed classification29 2.2.3 Class II’s detailed classification30 2.3 Interpreting Boundary-Bounding Mechanism Based on the Natural Conditions andSocial Contexts31 2.3.1 Boundary-bounding by mountain topologies31 2.3.2 Boundary-bounding by the course of rivers/gorges33 2.3.3 Boundary-bounding by sporadic cultural landscapes34 2.3.4 Affected by previous land uses35 2.4 Considering the Constraints of Administrative Divisions on the ResourceManagement36 3 Check and Balance Functions of Administrative Boundaries over ParkBoundarise38 3.1 Introduction38 3.1.1 Park boundaries to demonstrate national sovereignty38 3.1.2 Trans-boundary peace parks around the globe41 3.1.3 Studies on the trans-boundary tourist areas in China43 3.2 Classes of Trans-Border Parks and Close-to-Border Parks45 3.2.1 Spatial interaction related to trans-border parks45 3.2.2 Spatial interaction related to close-to-border parks47 3.2.3 Mathematical measurement on spatial interactions50 3.3 Analysis on the Administrative Boundary’s Check and Balance53 3.3.1 Administrative boundary’s hard-core regulation53 3.3.2 Rationale of the trans-border park boundary growth55 3.3.3 Place name identity contributes to the park boundary demarcation56 3.3.4 Spatial re-organization in order to remove the institutional obstacles57 3.3.5 The contradictions between the hard-core constraining and the soft growth59 3.4 Seeking a Breakthrough to Understand the Stability and Legal Effectiveness of theSoft Boundaries59 4 Boundary’s Dynamic Evolution Based on the Undulating Areal Statistics61 4.1 Introduction61 4.1.1 Studies on the area-boundary relationship with perspectives of landscape ecology61 4.1.2 Studies on area-boundary relationship related to national parks in other nations thanChina62 4.1.3 Studies of area-boundary relationship related to National Park of China63 4.2 Classification of the Statistical Data64 4.2.1 Longitudinal studies based on the incomplete data set64 4.2.2 Longitudinal studies based on the complete data set68 4.3 How Much Does the Areal Statistics Relate to Boundary’s Dynamic Evolution?72 4.3.1 Interpreting null-data and one-year fresh data groups73 4.3.2 Interpreting the data coherency and completeness74 4.3.3 Data changes and reflections on boundary effectiveness76 4.4 The Necessity of the Transfer from Land Based Analysis to Human Factor BasedAnalysis79 5 Population Pressure’s Social Driving Towards Boundary’s Ebb and Flow80 5.1 Introduction80 5.1.1 Studies on the wilderness idea and tribal sovereignty80 5.1.2 Public enjoyment and public good81 5.1.3 New needs for the global citizens in the pan-tourism era82 5.2 A Multi-Dimensional Comparison on Boundary’s Population Pressure84 5.2.1 China’s human-land relationship within the global network of national parks84 5.2.2 Residential population pressure on the borders of national parks in China87 5.2.3 A Sino-American comparative perspective on tourist population pressure91 5.3 Boundary’s Ebb and Flow Based on the Population Pressure DrivingMechanism95 5.3.1 Residential population pressure’s driving force analysis95 5.3.2 Tourist population pressure’s driving force analysis97 5.3.3 Translation of population pressure into humanistic drive towards the conservationcause100 5.4 The Importance to Consider Multi-Dimensionally on Human-Land Relationship forRecreational Purposes101 6 Collective Boundary-Bounding Mechanism Based on a Multi-Park Regime102 6.1 Introduction102 6.1.1 Institutional obstacles for the dissemination of the national park nomenclature102 6.1.2 China’s multi-parks from theories to practices104 6.1.3 Overlapped boundaries in a multi-park regime106 6.2 Spatio-Temporal Differences Within the Multi-Park Boundary-BoundingMechanism107 6.2.1 Spatio-temporal differences pertinent to national nature reserve’s cross-designation107 6.2.2 Spatio-temporal differences pertinent to national forest park’s cross-designation108 6.2.3 Spatio-temporal differences pertinent to national geopark’s cross-designation109 6.3 Case Studies on the Park Boundary Interactions111 6.3.1 Interacted boundaries with national nature reserves111 6.3.2 Interacted boundaries with national forest parks112 6.3.3 Interacted boundaries with national geoparks114 6.3.4 Interacted boundaries with multi-park areas116 6.4 Interpreting the Multi-Park Boundary-Bounding Mechanism119 6.4.1 Without a proper nomenclature, things would not be perfectly justifiable120 6.4.2 Boundary-bounding mechanism by nature reserves121 6.4.3 Boundary-bounding mechanism by forest parks121 6.4.4 Boundary-bounding mechanism by geoparks122 6.4.5 A multi-park collective boundary bounding mechanism in a globe wide open context123 6.5 Creating a Normalized Chinese National Park System at Its Fastest Pace124 7 Conclusions and Future Plans126 7.1 Hypotheses Validation126 7.1.1 Defensible hypotheses126 7.1.2 Modified hypothesis127 7.2 Conclusions127 7.2.1 Multi-factor interactions lead to the difficult boundary growth of national parks127 7.2.2 National park boundary dynamics is critically controlled by human-land relationshippatterns129 7.2.3 National park boundary can be precisely depicted in the language of cartography131 7.2.4 Boundless big beauty: the heritage conservation mission of the national parkboundaries132 7.3 Future Plans136 7.3.1 Initiating positivist studies on national park boundary dynamics in the nearest future136 7.3.2 Expanding and deepening the international comparative studies on national park boundarytopics137 References139 Original Chinese References139 Original English References155 Appendices167 Appendix I Boundary Shapes of National Parks in China167 Group 1 Oval-shaped clustering boundary parks (OCB parks)167 Group 2 Oval-belt-shaped clustering boundary parks (OBCB parks)172 Group 3 Belt-shaped clustering boundary parks (BCB parks)173 Group 4 Moon-moon partitioning boundary parks (MMPB parks)174 Group 5 Moon-stars partitioning boundary parks (MSPB parks)174 Group 6 Belt-shaped clustering boundary parks (BCB parks)176 Appendix II Various Computed Tables180 Table 1 List of national parks in China180 Table 2 List of IBI complicatedness values for national parks186 Table 3 Ranking list of the 162 sovereign states in dimension of national park land useindexes191 Table 4 List of the 32 sovereign states without national park land use indexes196 Table 5 Population pressure changing trends of 1999-2009 in urban landscaped region of 81 administrative divisions197 Table 6 Population pressure changing trends of 1999-2009 in rural landscaped region of 149 administrative divisions200 Table 7 Population pressure changing trends of 1999-2009 in pastoral landscaped region of 123 administrative divisions206 Table 8 Tourist population pressure index 1999-2010 list of national parks in China211 Table 9 Tourist population pressure index 1999-2010 list of national parks in USA212 Table 10 Tourist population pressure index 2006-2010 list of national parks in China213 Table 11 Tourist population pressure index 2006-2010 list of national parks in USA216 Table 12 Spatio-temporal differences comparison in national parks crossed with national naturereserves (I)216 Table 13 Spatio-temporal differences comparison in national parks crossed with national naturereserves (II)217 Table 14 Spatio-temporal differences comparison in national parks crossed with national forestparks (I)218 Table 15 Spatio-temporal differences comparison in national parks crossed with national forestparks (II)221 Table 16 Spatio-temporal differences comparison in national parks crossed with nationalgeoparks (I)221 Table 17 Spatio-temporal differences comparison in national parks crossed with nationalgeoparks (II)223 Appendix III Map of the Boundaries224
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