Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1 Molecular Basis of Genetic Engineering ……………………………… 18 1.1 The concept and structure of gene …………………………………………………… 18 1.2 DNA replication ……………………………………………………………………… 20 1.3 DNA transcription and its regulation ………………………………………………… 23 1.4 Post-transcription processing and regulation of RNA ……………………………… 24 1.5 Protein expression and its regulation ………………………………………………… 28 1.6 Restriction endonuclease …………………………………………………………… 30
Chapter 2 Principles and Applications of Genetic Engineering ……………… 32 2.1 Important events in the history of the development of recombination DNA ………… 32 2.2 Isolation of target genes ……………………………………………………………… 34 2.3 Recombinant ………………………………………………………………………… 35 2.4 Vectors for genetic engineering ……………………………………………………… 37 2.5 Plant transformation methods………………………………………………………… 39 2.6 Methods of developing transgenic animals ………………………………………… 42 2.7 General process of GMO research and development ………………………………… 44
Chapter 3 Development of Transgenic Biotechnology…………………………… 45 3.1 Development of transgenic plants …………………………………………………… 45 3.2 Studies of transgenic animals ………………………………………………………… 49 3.3 The researches on genetically modi. ed microbes …………………………………… 63 3.4 Genetic engineering vaccine ………………………………………………………… 70
Chapter 4 Potential Health Risks from Genetically Modi. ed Organisms … 76 4.1 Commercial production status of genetically modi. ed food ………………………… 77 4.2 The exposure of DNA………………………………………………………………… 79 4.3 Potential risks of GM food to health ………………………………………………… 82 4.4 The scheme of risk assessment of genetically modi. ed food………………………… 87
Chapter 5 The Potential Ecological Risk of Genetically Modi. ed Organisms … 90 5.1 Impact of GMOs on the ecological environment …………………………………… 90 5.2 Horizontal gene .ow – biosafety concern for recombinant DNA …………………… 95 5.3 Vertical gene .ow - theoretical foundation of alien gene escape …………………… 98
Chapter 6 Risk Assessment of GMO: Methods and Cases …………………… 110 6.1 Principle and methods of genetically modi.ed organisms risk assessment ………… 110 6.2 Risk assessment of the genetically modi. ed crops ………………………………… 113 6.3 Risk assessment of the genetically modi.ed food crops …………………………… 121 6.4 Risk assessment of the genetically modi. ed forests ………………………………… 126 6.5 Risk assessment of the genetically modi. ed microorganism ……………………… 128
Chapter 7 Risk Management for GMOs …………………………………………… 129 7.1 The de.nition, goals and requirements of risk management ………………………… 129 7.2 The theoretic foundation on GMOs risk management—Scienti. c Uncertainty …… 130 7.3 Principle of risk management——Precautionary principle ………………………… 133 7.4 Practice of GMOs management——take EU as an example………………………… 139
Chapter 8 Detection and Monitoring of Transgenes……………………………… 143 8.1 The signi.cance and necessity of detection and monitoring of transgenes ………… 143 8.2 Detective methods of transgenes …………………………………………………… 144 8.3 Immunology analysis of the proteins in GMOs ……………………………………… 153 8.4 The detection method of transgenic microorganisms ……………………………… 155 8.5 The uniform standards of the GMO detection experiment ………………………… 156 8.6 Environment monitoring of GMOs ………………………………………………… 158
Chapter 9 Biosafety International Law: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety … 165 9.1 The background of the Protocol ……………………………………………………… 166 9.2 The basic principles of biosafety protocol …………………………………………… 169 9.3 Main contents of biosafety protocol ………………………………………………… 173 9.4 The negotiation progress after Biosafety Protocol …………………………………… 181
Chapter 10 Biosafety Legislations in Some Countries…………………………… 192 10.1 Biosafety legislation in European Union …………………………………………… 192 10.2 Biosafety legislation in the United States…………………………………………… 198 10.3 Biosafety legislation in Japan ……………………………………………………… 201 10.4 Biosafety legislation in India ……………………………………………………… 206 10.5 Biosafety legislation in Brazil ……………………………………………………… 211 10.6 Biosafety legislation in Australia …………………………………………………… 214
Chapter 11 Framework of China’s Biosafety Policies, Regulations and System … 217 11.1 Policy framework of biosafety in China …………………………………………… 217 11.2 Current laws and regulations on GMO biosafety in China ………………………… 224 11.3 Management system and implementation procedures of GMOs …………………… 244
Chapter 12 Transboundary Movements and Labeling of Living Modi.ed Organisms (LMOs) ……………………………………………………… 254 12.1 Main contents of transboundary movements of LMOs …………………………… 255 12.2 Negotiation process of transboundary movements of LMOs in the Protocol ……… 257 12.3 Labeling requirements of LMOs and international tendency ……………………… 264 12.4 Labeling of GMO in China ………………………………………………………… 271
Chapter 13 Damage Liability and Redress in Biosafety Law ………………… 279 13.1 Principles and mechanisms of international environmental damages legislation … 279 13.2 International negotiations on biosafety damage liability and redress ……………… 281 13.3 Proposed principles of international biosafety damages legislation………………… 286 13.4 Proposed mechanisms in international biosafety damages legislation……………… 288 13.5 Biosafety damages legislation of some countries and regions ……………………… 291 13.6 China’s legislation on biosafety damages and its impacts ………………………… 293
Chapter 14 Socio-Economic Impacts of GMOs …………………………………… 298 14.1 Attention by the international society to the socio-economic impacts of GM crops … 298 14.2 Types of social—economic impact of GMOs …………………………………… 304 14.3 Relationship between Biosafety Protocol and TWO ……………………………… 311 14.4 Possible Impact of Safety Management on the International Trade………………… 317
Chapter 15 Emergency Management for Biosafety ……………………………… 329 15.1 Theoretical analysis ………………………………………………………………… 329 15.2 International law and the management of GMOs…………………………………… 331 15.3 National laws ……………………………………………………………………… 335 15.4 Emergency management of GMOs safety in China ……………………………… 338 15.5 Improvement of emergency management of GMOs safety in China ……………… 340
Chapter 16 Public Education and Participation on Biosafety ………………… 346 16.1 Requirements of international environmental laws and regulations ……………… 347 16.2 Status quo of public awareness on GMO biosafety ………………………………… 351 16.3 National laws and regulations and requirements of public participation …………… 362 16.4 Barriers and demands of public participation of biosafety in China ……………… 365 16.5 Establish mechanism of public participation in biosafety ………………………… 368 References ……………………………………………………………………………………… 374
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