CONTENTS Abbreviations ix Preface x Section A-Introduction to ecology 1 A1 Whatis ecology? 1 A2 Ten rules in ecology 3 Section B-Adaptation to the environment 11 B1 Adaptation 11 B2 Coping with environmental variation 14 B3 The niche 18 Section C-Climate 21 C1 Solar radiation and climate 21 C2 Microclimate 27 Section D-Water 31 D1 The properhes of water 31 D2 Plants and water 34 D3 Animals and water 39 Section E-Temperature 43 E1 Temperature and metabolism 43 E2 Responses to temperature 47 E3 Temperature and speaes distribution 50 Section F-Radiation 53 F1 Solar radiation and plants 53 Section G-Nutrients 59 G1 Sources and cycles 59 G2 Plants and consumers 65 G3 Soil formation，properties and classification 68 Section H-Population ecology 73 H1 Populations and population structure 73 H2 Natality，mortality and population growth 77 H3 Density and density dependence 86 H4 Population dynanucs-fluctuations，cycles and chaos 91 Section I-Competition 97 I1 The nature of competition 97 12 Intraspeafic competition 105 13 Resource parhtioning 108 Section J-Predation 113 J1 The nature of predation 113 J2 Predator behavior and prey response 117 Section K- Parasitism 123 Kl The nature of parasitism 123 K2 The dynamics of parasitism 128 Section L-Mutualism 135 L1 Mutualism 135 Section M-Life history patterns 141 M1 Life history 141 Section N-Behavioral ecology 151 N1 Social groups，cooperation and altrtusm 151 N2 Sex in ecology 155 Section 0-Population genetics 163 O1 Genetic variation 163 02 Speaation 169 Section P-Ecosystem processes 175 P1 Components and processes 175 P2 Primary and secondary production 180 P3 Food chains 185 Section Q-Communities 189 Q1 The community，structure and stability 189 Q2 Island communities and colonization 195 Q3 Community patterns，competition and predation 200 Section R-Community dynamics 207 R1 Succession 207 R2 Commuruty responses to disturbance 214 Section S-Biomes 219 S1 Ecosystem patterns 219 S2 Grasslands 224 S3 Tundra 229 S4 Forests 233 55 Deserts，semi-deserts and shrubland 240 S6 Saltwater biomes 245 S7 Freshwater biomes 251 Section T-Harvesting 257 T1 Harvesting theory 257 T2 Fishing and whaling 262 Section U-Pest control 267 U1 The pest problem and control strategies 267 U2 Pesticides and problems 271 U3 Biological control and integrated pest management 277 Section V-Conservation 281 V1 Rare species，habitat loss and extinction 281 V2 Conservation strategies 287 V3 Biological resources and gene banks 293 Section W-Pollution and global warming 299 W1 Air，water and soil pollutants 299 W2 Greenhouse gases and global warming 304 W3 Ozone 308 Section X-The ecology of agriculture 312 X1 Soil erosion and agriculture 312 X2 Nutrient，water and energy use 317 Further reading 323 Index 333
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