目录 本卷（第42卷）贡献者 前言 从英格兰的Broadstone到格陵兰的Zackenberg：生态网络的空间、时间和层次 摘要 1 I.导言 2 II.时间动态 5 III.空间替代时间 16 IV.联系的被禁和限制 26 V.生境边界 33 VI.单元和层次 37 VII.基于个体的网络 41 VIII.人侵 44 IX.超级网络 51 X.结论 54 致谢 55 参考文献56 气候变化背景下的生态网络 摘要 72 I.导言 72 II.第一性原理方法的基本原理 75 A.个体、物种和个体大小 75 B.基于不同尺度和样本的实验及调查 78 III.网络对气候变化组分的响应：气候变暖对生物的影响 87 A.个体水平上的影响 87 B.交互影响 89 C.种群和群落水平上的影响 89 D.从个体到网络水平上的影响 91 E.变暖对进化和生物物理的影响 94 IV.网络对气候变化组分的响应：变暖对水分的影响 94 A.流体黏度：对个体及其交互作用和网络的影响 96 B.水的形态、分布与环境 97 V.网络对气候变化组分的响应：大气成分与生态的化学计量 100 VI.网络的聚合与分离：时空的匹配和分离 104 A.气候包络模型、人侵和灭绝：生态网络的空间重组 104 B.物候的匹配和分离：生态网络的时间重组 110 VII.气候变化的多因子影响及其交互作用 114 A.变暖和大气变化对生态网络内代谢和化学计量特性的影响 115 B.气候变化组分的其他加性和协同的影响120 XII.结论 121 致谢 122 参考文献 122 跨越生态系统的食物网属性尺度分析及其多样性和复杂性 摘要 139 I.导言 140 II.方法 142 A.食物网数据集 142 B.食物网的拓扑结构 143 C.统计分析 144 III.结果 145 A.复杂性与多样性的关系 145 B.生态系统类型对复杂性和稳定性关系的影响 146 C.拓扑结构与多样性的关系 148 D.生态系统类型对拓扑结构和多样性关系的影响 151 IV.讨论 155 A.复杂性与多样性的关系 155 B.复杂性尺度依赖的解释 156 C.拓扑结构与多样性的关系 159 D.生态系统类型和营养尺度化关系 160 V.结论 161 致谢 166 参考文献166 林下食物网内捕食者和猎物关系的时间变异 摘要 172 I.导言 172 A.基于食物网实验方式的河岸落叶林（Gearagh)食物网预测 175 II.方法 177 A.实验点介绍 177 B.取样规程 178 C.食物网构建 179 D.食物网模式 180 E.统计分析 181 III.结果 182 A.单变量模式 182 B.双变量模式 191 C.三变量模式 196 D.生物量丰度的时间变化 198 IV.讨论 200 A.食物网的模式 200 B.食物网结构的时间变异 214 C.形态生态位 215 D.营养的级联和热力学特性 216 E.食物网的构建 217 V.结论 218 致谢 219 参考文献 258 大范围pH值梯度下20条溪流的食物网结构及其稳定性 摘要 265 I.导言 266 II.方法 269 A.生物取样 269 B.食物网的结构 272 C.食物网的统计计算 273 D.模型模拟的稳健性274 E.统计数据分析 275 III.结果 276 IV.讨论 287 致谢 293 参考文献 294 一个海洋食物网中三变量模式的相互作用强度及其后果 摘要 302 I.导言 302 A.为什么研究食物网？ 302 B.食物网时空复制的需要 303 C.单变量、双变量和三变量模式 304 II.方法 307 A.研究点的自然史 307 B.实验群落描述 308 C.实验设计 309 D.食物网取样 310 E.食物网构建 312 F.单变量模式 313 G.双变量和三变量模式 315 III.结果 315 A.单变量模式 315 B.双变量模式 326 C.三变量模式 335 IV.讨论 338 A.单变量模式 338 B.双变量模式 349 C.三变量模式 353 V.结论 353 致谢 354 参考文献 402 索引 421 标题汇总表 429 (许振柱 译) Contents Contributors to Volume 42 xi Preface xv From Broadstone to Zackenberg: Space, Time and Hierarchies in Ecological Networks JENS M. OLESEN, YOKO L. DUPONT, EOIN O’GORMAN, THOMAS C. INGS, KATRIN LAYER, CARLOS J. MELIAn, KRISTIAN TR0JELSGAARD, DORIS E. PICHLER,CLAUS RASMUSSEN, AND GUY WOODWARD Summary 1 I.Introduction 2 II.Temporal Dynamics 5 III.Space-for-Time Substitution 16 IV.Forbidden Links and Linkage Constraints 26 V.Habitat Borders 33 VI.Modules and Hierarchies 37 VII.Individual-Based Networks 41 VIII.Invasions 44 IX.Super Networks 51 X.Conclusions 54 Acknowledgements 55 References 56 Ecological Networks in a Changing Climate GUY WOODWARD, JONATHAN P. BENSTEAD, OLIVER S. BEVERIDGE, JULIA BLANCHARD, THOMAS BREY, LEE E. BROWN, WYATT F. CROSS, NIKOLAI FRIBERG, THOMAS C.INGS, UTE JACOB, SIMON JENNINGS, MARK E. LEDGER, ALEXANDER M. MILNER, JOSE M. MONTOYA, EOIN O’GORMAN，JENS M. OLESEN, OWEN L. PETCHEY, DORIS E. PICHLER, DANIEL C. REUMAN, MURRAY S. A. THOMPSON, FRANK J. F. VAN VEEN, AND GABRIEL YVON-DUROCHER Summary 72 I.Introduction 72 II.The Foundations of a First-Principles Approach 75 A.Individuals, Species and Body Size 75 B.Experiments and Surveys at Different Scales and Examples 78 III.Network Responses to Climate Change Components:Impacts of Warming on Organisms 87 A.Individual-Level Effects 87 B.Interaction-Level Effects 87 C.Population and Community-Level Effects 89 D.Individual-to-Network Level Effects 91 E.Evolutionary and Biogeographical Effects of Warming 94 IV.Network Responses to the Components ofClimate Change:Impacts of Warming on Aqueous Media 94 A.Fluid Viscosity: Impacts on Individuals, Interactions and Networks 96 B.The Form and Distribution of Water in the Environment 97 V.Network Responses to the Components of Climate Change: Atmospheric Composition and Ecological Stoichiometry 100 VI.Network Assembly and Disassembly: Spatial and Temporal Matches and Mismatches 104 A.Climate Envelope Models, Invasions and Extinctions: Spatial Rewiring of Ecological Networks 104 B.Phenological Matches and Mismatches:Temporal Rewiring of Ecological Networks 110 VII.Multiple and Interacting Components of Climate Change 114 A.Combined Impacts of Warming and Atmospheric Change on Metabolism and Stoichiometry Within Ecological Networks 115 B.Other Additive and Synergistic Effects of the Components of Climate Change 120 VIII.Conclusions 121 Acknowledgements 122 References 122 Scaling oi Food-Web Properties with Diversity and Complexity Across Ecosystems JENS O. RIEDE, BJ(ORN C. RALL, CAROLIN BANASEK-RIC SERGIO A. NAVARRETE, EVIE A. WIETERS, MARK C. EMM] UTE JACOB, AND ULRICH BROSE Summary 139 I.Introduction 140 II.Methods 142 A.The Food-Web Data Set 142 B.Food-Web Topology 143 C.Statistical Analyses 144 III.Results 145 A.Complexity-Diversity Relationships 145 B.Ecosystem Types and Complexity-Stability Relationships 146 C.Topology-Diversity Relationships 148 D.Ecosystem Types and Topology-Diversity Relationships 151 IV.Discussion 155 A.Complexity-Diversity Relationships 155 B.Explanations for the Scale Dependence of Complexity 156 C.Topology-Diversity Relationships 159 D.Ecosystem Types and Trophic Scaling Relationships 160 V.Conclusions 161 Acknowledgements 166 References 166 Temporal Variability in Predator-Prey Relationships of a Forest Floor Food Web ORLA B. McLAUGHLIN, TOMAS JONSSON,AND MARK C. EMMERSON Summary 172 I.Introduction 172 A.Predictions for the Gearagh Food Web Based on Empirical Patterns of Food Webs 175 II.Methods 177 A .Field Site Description 177 B .Sampling Protocol 178 C. Food Web Construction 179 D .Food Web Patterns 180 E .Statistical Analyses 181 III.Results182 A.Univariate Patterns 182 B.Bivariate Patterns 191 C.Trivariate Patterns 196 D.Temporal Changes in Biomass Abundances 198 IV.Discussion 200 A.Food Web Patterns 200 B.Temporal Variability in Food WebStructure 214 C.Morphological Niche 215 D.Trophic Cascades and Energetics 216 E.Food Web Construction 217 V.Conclusion 218 Acknowledgements 219 References 258 Food Web Structure and Stability in 20 Streams Across a Wide pH Gradient KATRIN LAYER, JENS O. RIEDE, ALAN G. HILDREW,AND GUY WOODWARD Summary 265 I.Introduction 266 II.Methods 269 A.Sampling of the Biota 269 B.Food Web Construction 272 C.Calculation of Food Web Statistics 273 D.Modelling Robustness 274 E.Statistical Data Analysis 275 III.Results 276 IV.Discussion 287 Acknowledgements 293 References 294 Manipulating Interaction Strengths and the Consequences for Trivariate Patterns in a Marine Food Web EOIN J. O’GORMAN AND MARK C. EMMERSON Summary 302 I.Introduction 302 A.Why Study Food Webs 302 B.The Need for Temporal and Spatial Replication of Food Webs 303 C.Univariate, Bivariate and Trivariate Patterns 304 II.Methods 307 A.Natural History of the Study Site 307 B.Description of the Experimental Communities 308 C.Experimental Design 309 D.Food Web Sampling 310 E.Food Web Construction 312 F.Univariate Patterns 313 G.Bivariate and Trivariate Patterns 315 III.Results 315 A.Univariate Patterns 315 B.Bivariate Patterns 326 C.Trivariate Patterns 335 IV.Discussion 338 A.Univariate Patterns 338 B.Bivariate Patterns 349 C.Trivariate Patterns 353 V.Conclusion 353 Acknowledgements 354 References 402 Index 421 Cumulative List of Titles 429
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