Brief Contents PART ONE Introduction 1 1 What Is Biology? 1 PART TWO Cells PART TWO Cells Anatomy and Action 22 2 Simple Things of Life 22 3 Organic Chemistry: The Chemistry of Life 36 4 Cell Structure and Function 58 5 Enzymes 84 6 Biochemical Pathways 94 7 DNA and RNA: The Molecular Basis of Heredity 119 PART THREE Cell Division and Heredity 141 8 Mitosis: The Cell-Copying Process 141 9 Meiosis: Sex-Cell Formation 153 10 Mendelian Genetics 171 PART FOUR Evolution and Ecology 186 11 Diversity Within Species 186 12 Natural Selection and Evolution 201 13 Speciation and Evolutionary Change 217 14 Ecosystem Organization and Energy Flow 236 15 Community Interactions 260 16 Population Ecology 279 17 Behavioral Ecology 295 PART FIVE Physiological Processes 315 18 Materials Exchange in the Body 315 19 Nutrition: Food and Diet 338 20 The Body’s Control Mechanisms 361 21 Human Reproduction, Sex, and Sexuality 383 PART SIX The Origin and Classification of Life 405 22 The Origin of Life and Evolution of Cells 405 23 The Classification and Evolution of Organisms 424 24 Microorganisms: Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi 443 25 Plantae 461 26 Animalia 481 Glossary 507 Credits 520 Index 523 Contents Preface ix Guided Tour xii Table of Boxes xiv PART ONE Introduction 1 1 What Is Biology? 1 1.1 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 2 1.2 Science and the Scientific Method 2 Observation 3 Questioning and Exploration 4 Constructing Hypotheses 4 Testing Hypotheses 6 The Development of Theories and Laws 7 Communication 8 1.3 Science, Nonscience,and Pseudoscience 8 Fundamental Attitudes in Science 8 From Discovery to Application 8 Science and Nonscience 8 Pseudoscience 9 Limitations of Science 10 1.4 The Science of Biology 11 Characteristics of Life 11 Levels of Organization 13 The Significance of Biology 14 Consequences of Not Understanding Biological Principles 16 Future Directions in Biology 18 Summary* 20 Thinking Critically* 20 Concept Map Terminology* 20 Key Terms* 20 e-Learning Connections* 21 PART TWO Cells Anatomy and Action 22 2 Simple Things of Life 22 2.1 The Basics： Matter and Energy 23 2.2 Structure of the Atom 25 2.3 Chemical Reactions: Compounds and Chemical Change 27 Electron Distribution 27 A Model of the Atom 28 Ions 29 2.4 Chemical Bonds 30 Ionic Bonds 30 Acids, Bases, and Salts 31 Covalent Bonds 32 Hydrogen Bonds 33 3 Organic Chemistry The Chemistry of Life 36 3.1 Molecules Containing Carbon 37 3.2 Carbon: The Central Atom 37 3.3 The Carbon Skeleton and Functional Groups 39 3.4 Common Organic Molecules 39 Carbohydrates 40 Lipids 41 True (Neutral) Fats 43 Phospholipids 44 Steroids 45 Proteins 45 Nucleic Acids 49 4 Cell Structure and Function 58 4.1 The Cell Theory 59 4.2 Cell Membranes 61 4.3 Getting Through Membranes 62 Diffusion 62 Dialysis and Osmosis 65 Controlled Methods of Transporting Molecules 67 4.4 Cell Size 68 4.5 Organelles Composed of Membranes 68 The Endoplasmic Reticulum 69 The Golgi Apparatus 70 The Nuclear Membrane 72 Energy Converters 72 4.6 Nonmembranous Organelles 73 Ribosomes 74 Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments 74 Centrioles 75 Cilia and Flagella 76 Inclusions 76 4.7 Nuclear Components 77 4.8 Major Cell Types 78 The Prokaryotic Cell Structure 78 The Eukaryotic Cell Structure 80 5 Enzymes 84 5.1 Reactions, Catalysts,and Enzymes 85 5.2 How Enzymes Speed Chemical Reaction Rates 85 5.3 Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action 88 5.4 Cellular-Controlling Processes and Enzymes 90 6 Biochemical Pathways 94 6.1 Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 95 Generating Energy in a Useful Form：ATP 95 6.2 Understanding Energy Transformation Reactions 98 Oxidation-Reduction and Cellular Respiration 98 6.3 Aerobic Cellular Respiration 99 Basic Description 99 Intermediate Description 99 Detailed Description 101 6.4 Alternatives：Anaerobic Cellular Respiration 107 6.5 Metabolism of Other Molecules 109 Fat Respiration 109 Protein Respiration 109 6.6 Photosynthesis 110 Basic Description 110 Intermediate Description 110 Detailed Description 113 6.7 Plant Metabolism 115 7 DNA and RNA The Molecular Basis of Heredity 119 7.1 The Main Idea: The Central Dogma 120 7.2 The Structure of DNA and RNA 120 7.3 DNA Replication 122 7.4 DNA Transcription 124 Prokaryotic Transcription 127 Eukaryotic Transcription 129 7.5 Translation, or Protein Synthesis 129 7.6 Alterations of DNA 135 7.7 Manipulating DNA to Our Advantage 136 Genetic Engineering 138 PART THREE Cell Division and Heredity 141 8 Mitosis The Cell-Copying Process 141 8.1 The Importance of Cell Division 142 8.2 The Cell Cycle 142 8.3 The Stages of Mitosis 142 Prophase 143 Metaphase 144 Anaphase 144 Telophase 145 8.4 Plant and Animal Cell Differences 146 8.5 Differentiation 146 8.6 Abnormal Cell Division 148 9 Meiosis Sex-Cell Formation 153 9.1 Sexual Reproduction 154 9.2 The Mechanics of Meiosis:Meiosis I 156 Prophase I 156 Metaphase I 157 Anaphase I 157 Telophase I 158 9.3 The Mechanics of Meiosis:Meiosis II 158 Prophase II 159 Metaphase H 159 Anaphase II 159 Telophase II 159 9.4 Sources of Variation 160 Mutation 160 Crossing-Over 160 Segregation 162 Independent Assortment 164 Fertilization 164 9.5 Nondisjunction and Chromosomal Abnormalities 165 9.6 Chromosomes and Sex Determination 167 9.7 A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis 167 Usi Mendelian Genetics 171 10.1 Genetics, Meiosis, and Cells 172 10.2 Single-Gene Inheritance Patterns 172 Dominant and Recessive Alleles 173 Codominance 173 X-Linked Genes 175 10.3 Mendel’s Laws of Heredity 176 10.4 Probability Versus Possibility 177 10.5 Steps in Solving Heredity Problems:Single-Factor Crosses 177 10.6 The Double-Factor Cross 179 10.7 Alternative Inheritance Situations 180 Multiple Alleles and Genetic Heterogeneity 180 Polygenic Inheritance 181 Pleiotropy 182 10.8 Environmental Influences on Gene Expression 182 PART FOUR Evolution and Ecology 186 11 Diversity Within Species 186 11.1 Populations and Specics 187 11.2 The Species Problem 187 11.3 The Gene Pool Concept 189 11.4 Describing Genetic Diversity 190 11.5 Why Genetically Distinct Populations Exist 191 11.6 How Genetic Diversity Comes About 192 Mutations 193 Sexual Reproduction 193 Migration 193 The Importance of Population Size 193 11.7 Genetic Variety in Domesticated Plants and Animals 193 11.8 Human Population Genetics 196 11.9 Ethics and Human Genetics 197 12 Natural Selection and Evolution 201 12.1 The Role of Natural Selection in Evolution 202 12.2 What Influences Natural Selection? 202 Mutations Produce New Genes 202 Sexual Reproduction Produces New Combinations of Genes 204 The Role of Gene Expression 204 The Importance of Excess Reproduction 205 12.3 Common Misunderstandings About Natural Selection 206 12.4 Processes That Drive Natural Selection 207 Differential Survival 207 Differential Reproductive Rates 208 Differential Mate Selection 208 12.5 Gene-Frequency Studies and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 209 Determining Genotype Frequencies 210 Why Hardy-Weinberg Conditions Rarely Exist 210 Using the Hardy-Weinberg Concept to Show Allele-Frequency Change 212 12.6 A Summary of the Causes of Evolutionary Change 213 13 Speciation and Evolutionary Change 217 13.1 Species: A Working Definition 218 13.2 How New Species Originate 219 Geographic Isolation 219 Speciation Without Geographic Isolation 221 Polyploidy: Instant Speciation 222 13.3 Maintaining Genetic Isolation 222 13.4 The Development of Evolutionary Thought 223 13.5 Evolutionary Patterns Above the Species Level 224 13.6 Rates of Evolution 229 13.7 The Tentative Nature of the Evolutionary History of Organisms 229 13.8 Human Evolution 230 The First Hominids—The Australopiths 232 Later Hominids—The Genus Homo 232 The Origin of Homo Sapiens 233 14 Ecosystem Organization and Energy Flow 236 14.1 Ecology and Environment 237 14.2 The Organization of Ecological Systems 238 14.3 The Great Pyramids: Energy,Numbers, Biomass 238 The Pyramid of Energy 238 The Pyramid of Numbers 241 The Pyramid of Biomass 244 14.4 Community Interactions 244 14.5 Types of Communities 247 Temperate Deciduous Forest 248 Grassland 248 Savanna 249 Desert 250 Boreal Coniferous Forest 250 Temperate Rainforest 251 Tundra 251 Tropical Rainforest 252 The Relationship Between Elevation and Climate 252 14.6 Succession 252 14.7 Human Use of Ecosystems 255 15 Community Interactions 260 15.1 Community, Habitat,and Niche 261 15.2 Kinds of Organism Interactions 261 Predation 261 Parasitism 263 Commensalism 264 Mutualism 265 Competition 266 15.3 The Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems 267 The Carbon Cycle 267 The Hydrologic Cycle 267 The Nitrogen Cycle 268 The Phosphorus Cycle 270 15.4 The Impact of Human Actions on Communities 272 Introduced Species 272 Predator Control 272 Habitat Destruction 273 Pesticide Use 273 Biomagnification 274 16 Population Ecology 279 16.1 Population Characteristics 280 16.2 Reproductive Capacity 282 16.3 The Population Growth Curve 283 16.4 Population-Size Limitations 284 16.5 Categories of Limiting Factors 285 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Limiting Factors 287 Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Limiting Factors 287 16.6 Limiting Factors to Human Population Growth 288 Available Raw Materials 289 Availability of Energy 289 Production of Wastes 290 Interactions with Other Organisms 290 Control of Human Population Is a Social Problem 290 17 Behavioral Ecology295 17.1 The Adaptive Nature of Behavior 296 17.2 Interpreting Behavior 296 17.3 The Problem of Anthropomorphism 297 17.4 Instinct and Learning 298 Instinctive Behavior 298 Learned Behavior 300 17.5 Kinds of Learning 300 Habituation 300 Association 300 Exploratory Learning 302 Imprinting 302 Insight 303 17.6 Instinct and Learning in the Same Animal 303 17.7 What About Human Behavior? 303 17.8 Selected Topics in Behavioral Ecology 306 Reproductive Behavior 306 Territorial Behavior 308 Dominance Hierarchy 309 Avoiding Periods of Scarcity 310 Navigation and Migration 310 Biological Clocks 311 Social Behavior 311 PART FIVE Physiological Processes 315 18 Materials Exchange in the Body 315 18.1 Exchanging Materials: Basic Principles 316 18.2 Circulation 318 The Nature of Blood 318 The Immune System 318 The Heart 320 Arteries and Veins 321 Capillaries 323 18.3 Gas Exchange 324 Respiratory Anatomy 324 Breathing System Regulation 325 Lung Function 326 18.4 Obtaining Nutrients 328 Mechanical and Chemical Processing 328 Nutrient Uptake 331 Chemical Alteration: The Role of the Liver 331 18.5 Waste Disposal 333 Kidney Structure 333 Kidney Function 333 19 Nutrition Food and Diet 338 19.1 Living Things as Chemical Factories:Matter and Energy Manipulators 339 19.2 Kilocalories，Basal Metabolism,and Weight Control 339 19.3 The Chemical Composition of Your Diet 342 Carbohydrates 342 Lipids 342 Proteins 344 Vitamins 344 Minerals 346 Water 346 19.4 Amounts and Sources of Nutrients 347 19.5 The Food Guide Pyramid with Five Food Groups 348 Grain Products Group 349 Fruits Group 349 Vegetables Group 350 Dairy Products Group 350 Meat, Poultry, Fish, and Dry Beans Group 351 19.6 Eating Disorders 351 Obesity 351 Bulimia 352 Anorexia Nervosa 353 19.7 Deficiency Diseases 353 19.8 Nutrition Through the Life Cycle 354 Infancy 354 Childhood 354 Adolescence 355 Adulthood 355 Nutritional Needs Associated with Pregnancy and Lactation 356 Old Age 356 19.9 Nutrition for Fitness and Sports 356 20 The Body's Control Mechanisms 361 20.1 Integration of Input 362 The Structure of the Nervous System 363 The Nature of the Nerve Impulse 363 Activities at the Synapse 365 The Organization of the Central Nervous System 365 Endocrine System Function 367 20.2 Sensory Input 373 Chemical Detection 373 Light Detection 374 Sound Detection 374 Touch 376 20.3 Output Coordination 376 Muscles 376 Glands 380 Growth Responses 380 SU Human Reproduction, Sex, and Sexuality 383 21.1 Sexuality from Different Points of View 384 21.2 Chromosomal Determination of Sex 384 21.3 Male and Female Fetal Development 387 21.4 Sexual Maturation of Young Adults 387 The Maturation of Females 387 The Maturation of Males 389 21.5 Spermatogenesis 389 21.6 Oogenesis 392 21.7 Hormonal Control of Fertility 394 21.8 Fertilization and Pregnancy 394 Twins 397 Birth 397 21.9 Contraception 398 21.10 Abortion 401 21.11 Sexual Function in the Elderly 402 PART SIX The Origin and Classification of Life 405 22 The Origin of Life and Evolution of Cells 405 22.1 Spontaneous Generation Versus Biogenesis 406 22.2 Current Thinking About the Origin of Life 407 22.3 The “Big Bang” and the Origin of the Earth 408 22.4 Steps Needed to Produce Life from Inorganic Materials 411 Formation of the First Organic Molecules 411 Isolating Organic Molecules— Coacervates and Microspheres 412 Meeting Metabolic Needs— Heterotrophs or Autotrophs 413 Reproduction and the Origin of Genetic Material 414 22.5 Major Evolutionary Changes in the Nature of Living Things 414 The Development of an Oxidizing Atmosphere 415 The Establishment of Three Major Domains of Life 415 The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells 416 22.6 Evolutionary Time Line 418 23 The Classification and Evolution of Organisms 424 23.1 The Classification of Organisms 425 23.2 Domains Archaea and Eubacteria 432 Archaea 432 Eubacteria 432 23.3 Domain Eucarya 434 Kingdom Protista 434 Kingdom Fungi 435 Kingdom Plantae 435 Kingdom Animalia 435 23.4 Acellular Infectious Particles 436 Viruses 436 Viroids: Infectious RNA 439 Prions: Infectious Proteins 440 24 Microorganisms Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi 443 24.1 Microorganisms 444 24.2 Bacteria 444 24.3 Kingdom Protista 448 Plantlike Protists 448 Animal-like Protists 451 Funguslike Protists 452 24.4 Multicellularity in the Protista 454 24.5 Kingdom Fungi 454 Lichens 458 25 Plantae 461 25.1 What Is a Plant? 462 25.2 Alternation of Generations 462 25.3 Ancestral Plants: The Bryophytes 463 25.4 Adaptations to Land 464 Vascular Tissue: What It Takes to Live on Land 465 Roots 465 Stems 466 Leaves 467 25.5 Transitional Plants:Non-Seed-Producing Vascular Plants 468 25.6 Advanced Plants: Seed-Producing Vascular Plants 470 Gymnosperms 470 Angiosperms 471 25.7 Response to the Environment:Tropisms 476 26 Animalia 481 26.1 What Is an Animal? 482 26.2 Temperature Regulation 484 26.3 Body Plans 484 26.4 Skeletons 485 26.5 Animal Evolution 486 26.6 Primitive Marine Animals 488 26.7 A Parasitic Way of Life 488 26.8 Advanced Benthic Marine Animals 490 26.9 Pelagic Marine Animals: Fish 494 26.10 The Movement to Land 495 Glossary 507 Credits 520 Index 523
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