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  细胞世界（影印版...
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本书由美国威斯康星大学、密歇根大学4位教授合作编写，在世界上享有盛誉，是细胞生物学学科经典教材之一。本书在亚马逊专业教材销售排行榜长期名列前茅，读者评价较高，并被许多北美、欧洲高校教学选用。
本书编写内容全面、理念先进，并具有鲜明的教学使用特色——适当的深度与简明性、艺术化教学、多层次解答问题、力求精准的概念阐述、为提高教学与学习效率而设计的诸多辅助学习内容。
本书适合生命科学相关专业教学选用，也可供从业人员参考使用。

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• Brief Contents
  About the Authors
  Preface
  Acknowledgments
  Detailed Contents
  1 A Preview of the Cell
  2 The Chemistry of the Cell
  3 The Macromolecules of the Cell
  4 Cells and Organelles
  5 Bioenergetics:The Flow of Energy in the Cell
  6 Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life
  7 Membranes:Their Structure,Function,and Chemistry
  8 Transport Across Membranes:Overcoming the Permeability Barrier
  9 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Glycolysis and Fermentation
  10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Aerobic Respiration
  11 Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:Photosynthesis
  12 The Endomembrane System and Peroxisomes
  13 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:I.Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neurons
  14 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:II.Messengers and Receptors
  15 Cytoskeletal Systems
  16 Cellular Movement:Motility and Contractility
  17 Beyond the Cell:Cell Adhesions,Cell Junctions,and Extracellular Structures
  18 The Sturctural Basis of Cellular Information:DNA,Chromosomes,and the Nucleus
  19 The Cell Cycle,DNA Replication,and Mitosis
  20 Sexual Reproduction,Meiosis,and Genetic Recombination
  21 Gene Expression:I.The Genetic Code and Transcription
  22 Gene Expression:II.Protein Synthesis and Sorting
  23 The Regulation of Gene Expression
  24 Cancer Cells
  Appendix:Visualizing Cells and Molecules
  Glossary
  Photo,Illustration,and Text Credits
  Index
  Detailed Contents
  About the Authors
  Preface
  Acknowledgments
  1 A Preview of the Cell
  The Cell Theory:A Brief History
  The Emergence of Modern Cell Biology
  The Cytological Strand Deals with Cellular Structure
  The Biochemical Strand Covers the Chemistry of Biological Structure and Function
  The Genetic Strand Focuses on Information Flow
  'Facts'and the Scientific Method
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 1A Experimmental Techniques:Units of Measurement in Cell Biology
  Box 1B Further Insights:Biology,'Facts,'and the Scientific Method
  2 The Chemistry of the Cell
  The Importance of Carbon
  Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Stable
  Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Diverse
  Carbon-Containing Molecules Can Form Stereoisomers
  The Importance of Water
  Water Molecules Are Polar
  Water Molecules Are Cohesive
  Water Has a High Timperature-Stabilizing Capacity
  Water Is an Excellent Solvent
  The Importance of Selectively Permeable Membranes
  A Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer with Proteins Embedded in It
  Membranes Are Selectively Permeable
  The Importance of Synthesis by Polymerization
  Macromolecules Are Responsible for Most of the Form and Function in Living Systems
  Cells Contain Three Different Kinds of Macromolecules
  Macromolecules Are Synthesized by Stepwise Polymerization of Monomers
  The Importance of Self-Assembly
  Many Proteins Self-Assemble
  Molecular Chaperones Assist the Assembly of Some Proteins
  Noncovalent Bonds and Interactions Are Important in the Folding of Macromolecules
  Self-Assembly Also Occurs in Othe Cellular Structures
  The Tobacco Mosaic Birus Is a Case Study in Self-Assembly
  Self-Assembly Has Limits
  Hierarchical Assembly Provides Advantages for the Cell
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 2A Further Insights:Tempus Fugit and Fine Art of Watchmaking
  3 The Macromolecules of the Cell
  Proteins
  The Monomers Are Amino Acids
  The Polymers Are Polypepitdes and Proteins
  Several Kinds of Bonds and Interactions Are Important in Protein Folding and Stability
  Protein Structure Depends on Amino Acid Sequence and Interactions
  Nucleic Acids
  The Monomers Are Nucleotides
  The Polymers Are DNA and RNA
  A DNA Molecule Is a Double-Stranded Helix
  Polysaccharides
  The Monomers Are Monosaccharides
  The Polymers Are Storage and Structural Polysaccharides
  Polysaccharide Structure Depends on the Kinds of Glycosidic Bonds Involved
  Lipids
  Fatty Acids Are the Building Blocks of Several Classes of Lipids
  Triacylglycerols Are Storage Lipids
  Phospholipids Are Important in Membrane Structure
  Glycolipids Are Specialized Membrane Components
  Steroids Are Lipids with a Variety of Functions
  Terpenes Are Formed from Isoprene
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 3A Further Insights:On the Trail of the Double Helix
  4 Cells and Organelles
  Properties and Strategies of Cells
  All Organisms Are Bacteria,Archaea,or Eukaryotes
  Limitations on Cell Size
  Eukaryotic Cells Use Organelles to Compartmentalize Cellular Function
  Bacteria,Archaea,and Eukaryotes Differ from Each Other in Many Ways
  Cell Specialization Demonstrates the Unity and Diversity of Biology
  The Eudaryotic Cell in Overview:Pictures at an Exhibition
  The Plasma Membrane Defines Cell Boundaries and Retaions Contents
  The Nucleus Is the Information Center of the Eukaryotic Cell
  Intracellular Membranes and Organelles Define Compartments
  The Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells Contaions the Cytosol and Cytoskeleton
  The Extracellular Matrix and the Cell Wall Are the 'Outside 'of the Cell
  Viruses,Biroids,and Prions:Agents That Invade Cells
  A Virus Consists of a DNA or RNACore Surrounded by a Protein Coat
  Viroids Are Small,Circular RNA Molecules
  Prions Are 'proteinaceous Infective Particles'
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 4A Human Applications:Organelles and Human Diseases
  Box 4B Further Insights:Discovering Organelles:The Importance of Centrifuges and Chance Observations
  5 Bioenergetics:The Flow of Energy in the Cell
  The Importance of Energy
  Cells Need Energy to Drive Six Different Kinds of Changes
  Organisms Obtain Energy Either from Sunlight or from the Oxidation of Chemical Compounds
  Energy Flows Through the Biosphere Continuously
  The Flow of Energy Through the Biosphere Is Accompanied by a Flow of Matter
  Bioenergetics
  To Understand Energy Flow,We Need to Understand Systems,Heat,and Work
  The First Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Energy Is Conserved
  The Second Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Reactions Have Directionality
  Entropy and Free Energy Are Two Alternative Means of Assessing Thermodynamic Spontaneity
  Understanding △G
  The Equilibrium Constant Is a Measure of Directionality
  △G Can Be Calculated Readily
  The Standard Free Energy Change Is △G Measured Under Standard Conditions
  Summing Up:The Meaning of △G'and △Go'
  Free Energy Change:Sample Calculations
  Life and the Steady State:Reactions That Move Toward Equilibrium Without Ever Getting There
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 5A Further Insights:Jumping Beans and Free Energy
  6 Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life
  Activation Energy and the Metastable State
  Before a Chemical Reaction Can Occur,the Activation Energy Barrier Must Be Overcome
  The Metastalbe State Is a Resule of the Activation Barrier
  Catalysts Overcome the Activation Energy Barrier
  Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
  Most Enzymes Are Proteins
  Substrate Binding,Activation,and Reaction Occur at the Active Site
  Enzyme Kinetics
  Most Enzymes Display Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
  What Is the Meaning of V_max and K_m?
  Why Are K_m and V_max Important to Cell Biologists?
  The Double-Reciprocal Plot Is a Useful Means of Linearizing Kinetic Data
  Determing K_m and V_max:An Example
  Enzyme Inhibitors Act Irreversibly or Reversibly
  Enzyme Regulation
  Allosteric Enzymes Are Regulated by Molecules Other than Reactants and Products
  Allosteric Enzymes Exhibit Cooperative Interactions Between Subunits
  Enzymes Can Also Be Regulated be the Addition or Removal of Chemical Groups
  RNA Molecules as Enzymes:Ribozymes
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connetious
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 6A Further Insights:Monkeys and Peanuts
  7 Membranes:Their Structure,Function,and Chemistry
  The Functions of Membranes
  Membranes Define Boundaries and Serve as Permeability Barriers
  Membranes Are Sites of Specific Proteins and Therefore of Specific Functions
  Membrane Proteins Regulate the Transport of Solutes
  Membrane Proteins Detect and Transmit Electrical and Chemical Signals
  Membrane Proteins Mediate Cell Adhesion and Cell-to-Cell Communication
  Models of Membrane Structure:An Experimental Perspective
  Overton and Langmuir:Lipids Are Important Components of Membranes
  Gorter and Grendel:The Basis of Membrane Structure Is a Lipid Bilayer
  Davson and Danielli:Membranes Also Contain Proteins
  Robertson:All Membranes Share a Common Underlying Structure
  Further Research Revealed Major Shortcomings of the Davson-Danielli Model
  Singer and Nicolson:A Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins in a Fluid Lipid Bilayer
  Unwin and Henderson:Most Membrane Proteins Contain Transmembrane Segments
  Recent Findings Further Refine Our Understanding of Membrane Structure
  Membrane Lipids:The 'Fluid'Part of the Model
  Membranes Contain Several Major Classes of Lipids
  Thin-Layer Chromatography Is an Importangt Technique for Lipid Analysis
  Fatty Acids Are Essential to Membrane Structure and Function
  Membrane Asymmetry:Most Lipids Are Distributed Unequally Between the Two Monolayers
  The Lipid Bilayer Is Fluid
  Membranes Function Properly Only in the Fluid State
  Most Organisms Can Regulate Membrane Fluidity
  Lipid Rafts Are Localized Regions of Membrane Lipids That Are Involved in Cell Signaling
  Membrane Proteins:The 'Mosaic'Part of the Model
  The Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins:Evidence from Freezi-Fracture Microscopy
  Membranes Contain Integral,Peripheral,and Lipid-Anchored Proteins
  Proteins Can Be Separated by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
  Determing the Three-Dimensional Structure of Membrane Proteins Is Becoming More Feasible
  Molecular Biology Has Contributed Greatly to Our Understanding of Membrane Proteins
  Membrane Proteins Have a Variety of Functions
  Membrane Proteins Are Oriented Asymmetrically Across the Lipid Bilayer
  Many Membrane Proteins Are Glycosylated
  Membrane Proteins Vary in Their Mobility
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 7A Experimental Techniques:Revolutionizing the Study of Membrane Proteins:The Impact of Molecular Biology
  8 Transport Across Membranes:Overcoming the Permeability Barrier
  Cells and Transport Processes
  Solutes Cross Membranes by Simple Diffusion,Facilitated Diffusion,and Active Transport
  The Movement of a Solute Across a Membrane Is Determined by Its Concentration Gradient or Its Electrochemical Potential
  The Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane Provides Examples of Transport Mechanisms
  Simple Diffusion:Unassisted Movement Down the Gradient
  Diffusion Always Moves Solutes Toward Equilibrium
  Osmosis Is the Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane
  Simple Diffusion Is Limited to Small,Nonpolar Molecules
  The Rate of Simple Diffusion Is Directly Proportional to the Concentration Gradient
  Facilitated Diffusion:Proteln-Mediated Movement Down the Gradient
  Carrier Proteins and Channel Proteins Facgitate Diffusion by Different Mechanisms
  Carrier Proteins Alternate Between Two Conformational States
  Carrier Proteins Are Analogous to Enzymes in Their Specificity and Kinetics
  Carrier Proteins Transport Either One or Two Solutes
  The Erythrocyte Glucose Transporter and Anion Exchange Protein Are Examples of Carrier Proteins
  Channel Proteins Facilitate Diffusion by Forming Hydrophilic Transmembrane Channels
  Active Transport:Protein-Mediated Movement Up the Gradient
  The Coupling of Active Transport to an Energy Source May Be Direct or Indirect
  Direct Active Transport Depends on Four Types of Transport ATPases
  Indirect Active Transport Is Driven by Ion Gradients
  Examples of Active Transport
  Direct Active Transport:The Na^+/K^+ Pump Maintains Electrochemical Ion Gradients
  Indirect Active Transport:Sodium Symport Drives the Uptake of Glucose
  The Bacteriorhodopsin Proton Pump Uses Light Energy to Transport Protons
  The Energetics of Transport
  For Uncharged Solutes,the △G of Transport Depends Only on the Concentration Gradient
  For Charged Solutes,the △G of Transport Depends on the Electrochemical Potential
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 8A Further Insights:Osmosis:The Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane
  Box 8B Human,Applications:Membrane Transport,Cystic Fibrosis,and the Prospects for Gene Therapy
  9 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Glycolysis and Fermentation
  Metabolic Pathways
  ATP:The Universal Energy Coupler
  ATP Contains Two Energy Rich Phosphoanhydride Bonds
  ATP Hydrolysis Is Highly Exergonic Because of Charge Repulsion and Resonance Stabilition
  ATP Is an Important Intermediate in Cellular Energy Metabolism
  Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism
  Biological Oxidations Usuagy Involve the Removal of Both Electrons and Protons and Are Highly Exergonic
  Coenzymes Such as NAD^+ Serse as Electron Acceptors in Biological Oxidations
  Most Chemotrophs Meet Their Energy Needs by Oxidizing Organic Food Molecules
  Glucose Is One of the Most Important Oxidizable Substrates in Energy Metabolism
  The Oxidation of Glucose Is Highly Exergonic
  Glucose Catabolism Yields Much More Energy in the Presence of Oxygen than in Its Absence
  Based on Their Need for Oxygen,Organisms Are Aerobic,Anaerobic,or Facultative
  Glycolysis and Fermentation:ATP Generation Without the Involvement of Oxygen
  Glyeolysis Generates ATP by Catabolizing Glucose to Pyruvate
  The Fate of Pyruvate Depends on Whether Oxygen Is Available
  In the Absence of Oxygen,Pyruvate Undergoes Fermentation to Regenerate NAD^+
  Fermentation Taps Only a Fraction of the Substrate's Free Energy but Conserves That Energy Efficiendy as ATP
  Alternative Substrates for Glycolysis
  Other Sugars and Glycerol Are Also Catabolized by the Glyeolytic Pathway
  Polysaccharides Are Cleaved to Form Sugar Phosphates That Also Enter the Glycolytic Pathway
  Ginconeogenesis
  The Regulation of Glycolysis and Ginconeogenesis
  Key Enzymes in the Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Pathways Are Subject to Allosteric Regulalion
  Fructose-2,6-Bisphospbate Is an Important Regulator of Glyolysis and Gluconeogenesis
  Novel Roles for Glycolytic Enzymes
  Summary of Key Points
  Making ConneCtions
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 9A Further Insights:'What Happens to the Sugar?'
  10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Aerobic Respiration
  Cellular Respiration:Maximizing ATP Yieds
  Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More Energy than Fermentation Does
  Respiration Includes Glycolysis,Pyruvate Oxidation,the TCA Cycle,Electron Transport,and ATP Synthesis
  The Mitochondrion:Where the Action Takes Place
  Mitochondria Are Often Present Where the ATP Needs Are Greatest
  Are Mitochondria Interconnected Networks Rather than Discrete Organelles?
  The Outer and Inner Membranes Define Two Separate Compartments and Three Regions
  Mitochondrial Functions Occur in or on Specific Membranes and Compartments
  In Bacteria,Respiratory Functions Are Localized to the Plasma Membrane and tile Cytoplasm
  The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle:Oxidation in the Round
  Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A by Oxidative Decar boxylation
  The TCA Cycle Begins with the Entry of Acetate as Acetyl CoA
  Two Oxidative Decarboxylations Then Form NADH and ReleaseCO_2
  Direct Generation of GTP(or ATP) Occurs at One Step in the TCA Cycle
  The Final Oxidative Reactions of the TCA Cyde Generate FADH_2 and NADH
  Summing Up:The Products of the TCA Cycle Are CO_2,ATP,NADH,and FADH_2
  Several TCA Cycle Enzymes Are Subject to Allosteric Regulation
  The TCA Cycle Mso Plays a Central Role in the Catabolism of Fats and Proteins
  The TeA Cycle Serves as a Source of Precursors tor Anabolic Pathways
  The Glyoxylate Cycle Converts Acetyl CoA to Carbohydrates
  Electron Transport:Electron Flow from Coenzymes to Oxygen
  The Electron Transport System Conveys Electrons from Reduced Coenzymes to Oxygen
  The Electron Transport System Consists of Five Kinds of Carriers
  The Electron Carriers Function in a Sequence Determined by Their Reductkm Potentials
  Most of the Carriers Are Organized into Four Large Respiratory CompIexes
  The Respiratory Complexes Move Freely Within the Inner Membrane
  The Electrochemical Proton Gradient:Key to Energy Coupling
  Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis Are Coupled Events
  The Chemiosmotic Model:The 'Missing Link' Is a Proton Gradient
  Coenzyme Oxidation Pumps Enough Protons to Form 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH_2
  The Cbemiosmotie Model Is Affirmed by an Impressive Array of Evidence
  ATP Synthesis:Putting It All Together
  F_1 Particles Have ATP Synthase Activity
  The F_0F_1 Complex:Proton Translocation Through F_0 Drives ATP Synthesis by F_1
  ATP Synthesis by P0P1 Involves Physical Rotation of the Gamma Subunit
  The Chemiosmotic Model involves Dynamic Transmembrane Proton Traffic
  Aerobic Respiration:Summing It All Up
  The Maximum ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration Is 36-38 ATPs per Glucose
  Aerobic Respiration [s a Highly Efficient Process
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 10A Further InsightS:The Glyoxylate Cycle,Glyoxysomes,and Seed Germination
  11 Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:Photosynthesis
  An Overview of Photosynthesis
  The Energy Transduction Reactions Convert Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
  The Carbon Assimilation Reactions Fix Carbon by Reducing Carbon Dioxide
  The Chloroplast Is the Photosynthetic Organege in Eukaryotic Cells
  Chloroplasts Are Composed of Three Membrane Systems
  Photosynthetic Energy Transduction I:Light Harvesting
  Chlorophyll Is Life's Primary Link to Sunlight
  Accessory Pigments Further Expand Access to Solar Energy
  Light-Gathering Molecules Are Organized into Photosystems and Light-Harvesting Complexes
  Oxygenic Phototrophs Have Two Types of Photosystems
  Photosynthetic Energy Transduction ll:NADPH Synthesis
  Photosystem II Transfers Electrons from Water to a Plastoquinone
  The Cytochrome b_6/fComplex Transfers Electrons from a Plastoquinol to Plastocyanin
  Photosystem 1 Transfers Electrons from Plastocyanin to Ferredoxin
  Ferredoxin NADP^+ Reductase Catalyzes the Reduction of NADP^+
  Photosynthetic Energy Transduetion III:ATP Synthesis
  The ATP Synthase Complex Couples Transport of Protons Across the Thylakoid Membrane to ATP Synthesis
  Cyclic Photophosphorylation Allows a Photosynthetic Cell to Balance NADPH and ATP Synthesis
  A Summary of the Complete Energy Transduction System
  Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation 1:The Calvin Cyde
  Carbon Dioxide Enters the Calvin Cycle by Carboxylation of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate
  3-Phosphoglycerate is Reduced to Form Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
  Regeneration of Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate Allows Continuous Carbon Assimilation
  The Complete Calvin Cycle and Its Relation to Photosynthetic Energy Transduction
  Regulation of the Calvin Cycle
  The Calvin Cycle Is Highly Regulated to Ensure Maximum Efficiency
  Regulation of Rubisco Carbon Fixation by Rubisco Activase
  Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation II:Carbohydrate Synthesis
  Glucose-l-Phosphate fs Synthesized from Triose Phosphates
  The Biosynthesis of Sucrose Occurs in the Cytosol
  The Biosynthesis of Starch Occurs in the Chloroplast Stroma
  Photosynthesis Also Produces Reduced Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds
  Rubisco's Oxygenase Activity Decreases Photosynthetic Efficiency
  The Glyzolate Pathway Returns Reduced Carbon from Phosphoglyzolate to the Calvin Cycle
  C4 Plants Minimize Photorespiration by Confining Rubisco to Cells Containing High Concentrations of CO_2
  CAM Plants Minimize Photorespiration and Water Loss by Opening Their Stomata Ouly at Night
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 11A Further insights:The Endosymbiont Theory and the Evolution of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts from Ancient Bacteria
  Box 11B Further InsightS:A Photosynthetic Reaction Center from a Purple Bacterium
  12 The Endomembrane Systemand Peroxisomes
  The Endoplasmic Reticulum
  The Two Basic Kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum Differ in Structure and Function
  Rough ER Is Involved in the Biosynthesis and Processing of Proteins
  Smooth ER Is Involved in Drug Detoxification,Carbohydrate Metabolism,Calcium Storage,and Steroid Biosynthesis
  The ER Plays a Central Role in the Biosynthesis of Membranes
  The Golgi Complex
  The Golgi Complex Consists of a Series of Membrane-Bounde Cisternae
  Two Models Depict the Flow of Lipids and Proteins Through the Golgi Complex
  Roles of the ER and Golgi Complex in Protein Glycosylation
  Roles of the ER and Golgl Complex in Protein Trafficking
  ER-Specific Proteins Contain Retention and Retrieval Tags
  Golgi Complex Proteins May Be Sorted According to the Lengths of Their Membrane-Spanning Domains
  Targeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes and Lysosomes Is a Model for Protein Sorting in the TGNTargeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes and Lysosomes Is a Model for Protein Sorting in the TGN
  Secretory Pathways Transport Molecules to the Exterior of the Cell
  Exocytosis and Endocytosis:Transporting Material Across the Plasma Membrane
  Exocytosis Releases Intracellular Molecules to the Extracellular Medium
  Endocytosis Imports Extracellular Molecules by Forming Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane
  Coated Vesicles in Cellular Transport Processes
  Clathrin-Coated Vesicles Are Surrounded by Lattices Compose of Clathrin and Adaptor Protein
  The Assembly of Clathrin Coats Drives the Formation of Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane and TGN
  COPI-and COPll-Coated Vesicles Travel Between the ER and Golgi Complex Cisternae
  SNARE Proteins Mediate Fusion Between Vesicles and Target Membranes
  Lysosomes and Cellular Digestion
  Lysosomes Isolate Digestive Enzymes from the Rest of the Cell
  Lysosomes Develop from Endosomes
  LysosomalEnzymes Are Important for Several Different Digestive Processes
  Lysosomal Storage Diseases Are Usually Characterized by the Accumulation of Indigestible Material
  The Plant Vacuole:A Multifunctional Organelle
  Peroxisomes
  The Discovery of Peroxisomes Depended on Innovations in Equilibrium Density Centrifugation
  Most Peroxisomal Functions Are Linked to Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism
  Plant Cells Contain Types of Peroxisomes Not Found in Animal Cells
  Peroxisome Biogenesis Occurs by Division of Preexisting Peroxisomes
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 12A Experimental Techniques:Centrifugation:An Indispensable Tehnique of Cell Biology
  Box 12B Human Applications:Cholesterol,the LDL Receptor,and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
  13 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:I.Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neurons
  Neurons
  Neurons Ate Specially Adapted for the Transmission of Electrical Signals
  Understanding Membrane Potential
  The Resting Membrane Potential Depends on Differing Concentrations of ions Inside and Outside the Neuron
  The Nernst Equation Describes the Relationship Between Membrane Potential and Ion Concentration
  Steady State Concentrations of Common tons Affect Resting Membrane Potential
  The Goldman Equation Describes the Combined Effects of Ions on Membrane Potential
  Electrical Excitability
  Ion Channels Act Like Gates for the Movement of tons Through the Membrane
  Patch Clamping and Molecular Biological Techniques Allow the Activity of Single Ion Channels to Be Monitored
  Specific Domains of Voltage-Gated Channels Act as Sensors and Inactivators
  TheAction Potential
  Action Potentials Propagate Electrical Signals Along an Axon
  A,tion Potentials Involve Rapid Changes in the Membrane Potential of the Axon
  Action Potentials Result from the Rapid Movement of Ions Through Axonal Membrane Channels
  Action Potentials Are Propagated Along the Axon Without Loalng Strength
  The Myelin Sheath Acts Like an Electrical Insulator Surrounding the Axon
  Synaptic Transrnission
  Neurotransmitters Relay Signals Across Nerve Synapses
  Elevated Calcium Levels Stimulate Secretion of Neurotransmitters from Presynaptic Neurons
  Secretion of Neurotransmitters Requires the Docking and Fusion of Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane
  Neurotransmgters Are Detected by Specific Receptors on Postsypaptic Neurons
  Neurotransmitters Must Be Inactivated Shortly After Their Release
  Integration and Processing of Nerve Signals
  Neurons Can Integrate Signals from Other Neurons Through Both Temporal and Spatial Summation
  Neurons Can Integrate Both Excitatory and Inhibitory Signals from Other Neurons
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 13A Human Applications:Poisoned Arrows.Snake Bites,and Nerve Gases
  14 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:II,Messengers and Receptors
  Chemical Signals and Cellular Receptors
  Different Types of Chemical Signals Can Be Received by Cells
  Receptor Binding Involves Specific Interactions Between Ligands and Their Receptors
  Receptor Binding Activates a Sequence of Signal Transduction Events Within the Cell
  G Protein-Linked Receptors
  Seven Membrane Spanning Receptors Act via G Proteins
  Cyclic AMP Is a Second Messenger Whose Production is Regulated by Some G Proteins
  Disruption of G Protein Signaling Causes Several Human Diseases
  Many G Proteins Use lnositol Trisphosphate and Diacylglycerol as Second Messengers
  The Release of Calcium Ions Is a Key Event in Many Signaling Processes
  Nitric Oxide Couples G Protein Linked Receptor Stimulation in Endothelial Cells to Relaxation of Smooth Muscle ells in Blood Vessels
  The βγ Subunits of G Proteins Can Also Transduce Signals
  Protein Kinase-Associated Receptors
  Growth Factors Often Bind Protein Kinase Associated Receptors
  Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Aggregate and Undergo Autophosphorylation
  Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Initiate a Signal Transduction Cascade Involving Ras and MAP Kinase
  Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Activate a Variety of Other Signaling Pathways
  Scaffolding Complexes Can Facilitate Cell Signaling
  Dominant Negative Mutant Receptors Are Important Tools for Studying Receptor Function
  Other Growth Factors Transduce Their Signals via Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases
  Disruption of Growth Factor Signaling Can Lead to Cancer
  Growth Factor Receptor Pathways Share Common Themes
  Hormonal Signaling
  Hormones Can Be Classified by the Distance They Travel and by Their Chemical ProperBes
  Control of Glucose Metabolism Is a Good Example of Endocrine Regulation
  Insulin Affects Several Signaling Pathways to Regulate Resting Glucose Levels
  Cell Signals and Apoptosis
  Apoptosis Is Triggered by Death Signals or Withdrawal of Surival Factors
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 14A Experimental Techniques:Using Genetic Model Systems to Study Cell Signaling
  15 Cytoskeletal Systems
  Major Structural Elements of the Cytoskeleton
  Eukaryotes Have Three Basic Types of Cytoskeletal Elements
  Bacteria Have Cytoskeletal Systems That Are Structurally Similar to Those in Eukaryotes
  The Cytoskeleton Is Dypamicallg Assembled and Disassembled
  Microtubules
  Two Types of Microtubules Are Responsible for Many Functions in the Cell
  Tubufin Heterndimers Are the Protein Building Blocks of Microtubules
  Microtubules Can Form as Singlets,Doublets,or Triplets
  Microtubules Form by the Addition of Tubulin Dimers at Their Ends
  Addition of Tubulin Dimers Occurs More Quickly at the Flus Ends of Microtubules
  Dr ugs Can Affect the Assembly o f Microtubules
  GTP Hydrolysis Contributes to the Dynamic Instability of Microtubules
  Microtubifies Originate from Microtubule Organizing Centers Within the Cell
  MTOCs Organize and Polarize the Mierot ubules Within Cells
  Microtubule Stability Is Tightly Regulated in CelLs by a Variety of Microtubile-Binding Proteins
  Microfilaments
  Actin Is the Protein Building Block of Microfilaments
  Different Types of Actin Are Found in Cells
  G-Actin Monomers Polymerize into F Actin Microfilaments
  Specific Drugs Affect Polymerization of Microflaments
  Ceils Can Dynamically Assemble Actin into a Variety of Structures
  AcBn Binding Proteins Regulate the Polymerization,Length,and Organization of Microfilaments
  Cell Signagng Regulates Where and When Actin Based Structures Assemble
  Interediate Filaments
  Intermediate Filament Proteins Are Tissue Specific
  Intermediate Filaments Assemble from Fibrous Subunits
  Intermediate Filaments Confer Mechanical Strength on Tissues
  The Cytoskeleton Is a Mechanically Integrated Structure
  Summary of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 15A Human Applications:Infectious Microorganisms Can Move Within Ceils Using Actin 'Tails'
  16 Cellular Movement:Motility and Contractility
  Motile Systems
  Intracellular Microtubule-Based Movement:Kinesin and Dynein
  MT Motor Proteins Move OrganeUes Along Microt ubules DuringAxonal Transport
  Motor Proteins Move Along Microtubules by Hydrolyzing ATP
  Kinesins Are a Large Family of Proteins with Varying Structures and Functions
  Dyneins Can Be Grouped into Two Major Classes:Axonemal and Cytoplasmic Dyneins
  Microtubule Motors Are Involved in Shaping the Endomembrane System and Vesicle Transport
  Microtubule-Based Motility:Cilia and Flagella
  Cilia and Flagella Are Common Motile Appendages of Eukaryotic Cegs
  Cilia and Flagella Consist of an Axoneme Connected to a Basal Body
  Microtubule Sliding Within the Axoneme Causes Cilia and Flagega to Bend
  Actin-Based Cell Movernent:The Myosins
  Myosins Are a Large Family of Actin Based Motors with Diverse Roles in Cell Motility
  Many Myosins Move Along Actin Filaments in Short Steps
  Filament-Based Movement in Muscle
  Skeletal Muscle Cells Contain Thin and Thick Filaments
  Sarcomeres Contain Ordered Arrays of Actin,Myosin,and Accessory Proteins
  The Sliding Filament Model Explains Muscle Contraction
  Cross Bridges Hold Filaments Together,and ATP Powers Their Movement
  The Regulation of Muscle Contraction Depends on Calcium
  The Coordinated Contraction of Cardiac Muscle Ceils Involves Electrical Coupling
  Smooth Muscle Is More Similar to Nonmuscle Cells than to Skeletal Muscle
  Actin-Based Motility in Nonmusde Cells
  Cell Migration via Lamegipodia Involves Cycles of Protrusion,Attachment,Translocation,and Detachment
  Chemotaxis Is a Directional Movement in Response to a Graded Chemical Stimulus
  Amoeboid Movement Involves Cycles of Gelation and Solation of the Aciln Cytoskeleton
  Aciln-Based Motors Move Components Within the Cytoplasm of Some Cells
  Summarty of Key Points
  Making Connections
  Problem Set
  Suggested Reading
  Box 16A Human Applications:Cytoskeletaf Motor Proteins and Human Disease
  17 Beyond the Cell:Cell Adhesions,Cell Junctions,and Extracellular Structures
  Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion
  Transmemhrane Proteins Mediate Cell Cell Adhesion
  Carhohyd rate Groups Are Important in Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion
  Cell-Cell Junctions
  Adhesive Junctions Link Adjoining Ceils to Each Other
  Tight Junctions Prevent the Movement of Molecules Across Cell Layers
  Gap Junctions Allow Direct Electrical and Chemical Communication Between Cells
  The Extracellular Matrix of Animal Ceils
  Collagens Are Responsible for the Strength of the Extracellular Matrix
  A Precursor Called Procoilagen Forms Many Types of Tissue-Specific Collagens
  Elastins Impart Elasticity and Flexibility to the Extraceilular Matrix
  Collagen and Elastin Fibers Are Embedded in a Matrix of Proteoglycans
  Free Hyaluronate Lubricates Joints and Facilitates Cell Migration
  Adhesive Glycoprateins Anchor Cegs to the Ext racellular Matrix
  Fibronectins Bind Cells to the BCM and Guide Cegular Movement
  Laminins Bind Cells to the Basal Lamina
  Integrins Are Ceil Surface Receptors That Bind ECM Constituents
  The Glycocalyx Is a Carbohydrate Rich Zone at the