Preface of“the Series of the Scientific Expedition to the Hengduan Mountains of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau” Introduction and comprehensive summary Tong Wei and Zhang Mingtao Chapter 1 Late Cenozoic volcanism in Tengchong Liao Zhijie 1.1 Previous studies 1.2 Volcanic stages and their morphological properties 1.2.1 Stage 1——Pliocene volcanoes 1.2.2 Stage 2——early Pleistocene volcanoes 1.2.3 Stage 3——middle Pleistocene volcanoes 1.2.4 Stage 4——late Pleistocene volcanoes 1.3 Petrological characteristics of volcanic rocks 1.3.1 Basalts 1.3.2 Andesite-basalts 1.3.3 Andesites 1.3.4 Trachytes 1.3.5 Andesite-dacites 1.3.6 Dacites 1.4 Research on petrochemistry of volcanic rocks 1.5 Discussion on the property and evolution of the parent magma References Chapter 2 K-Ar ages and strontium isotopic compositions of the Tengchong volcanic rocks Mu Zhiguo and Garniss H.Curtis 2.1 Analytical techniques 2.1.1 K-Ar dilute dating 2.1.2 Measurements of Rb,Sr contents and strontium isotopic composition 2.2 K-Ar results and their discussion 2.3 Rb,Sr results and their discussion 2.4 Conclusions References Chapter 3 Active hydrothermal areas of Tengchong County Liu Shibin,You Maozheng,Shen Minzi,Zhang Zhaoxing,Li Genxing,Bi Daizhou,Duan Yadong,Zhang Mingtao and Tong Wei 3.1 Characteristics of hydrothermal activities in Tengchong County 3.2 Comments of compiling of inventory 3.3 The inventory of hydrothermal areas in Tengchong County Appendix References Index 1 The denomination and denotation of active hydrothermal areas in Tengchong County Index 2 The denomination,used name and nickname of hydrothermal areas in Tengchong County Chapter 4 Research on today and yesterday of the hydrothermal activities in Tengchong Tong Wei,You Maozheng and Wang Dexin 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Notes from ancient geographies 4.3 Inspiration from the“Travel Notes of Xu Xiake” 4.4 Conclusions Chapter 5 Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids in Tengchong Zhang Zhifei,Liu Shibin and Zhao Fengsan 5.1 Chemical compositions of hydrothermal gases 5.1.1 Analyses of hydrothermal gases and reliability evaluation of our results 5.1.2 Discussion on chemical compositions of hydrothermal gases 5.2 Chemical components of thermal waters 5.2.1 TDS of thermal waters 5.2.2 The pH-values of hot-spring waters 5.2.3 Existence and distribution of CO2dissolved in thermal waters 5.2.4 Distribution and origin of chloride in thermal waters 5.2.5 Minor components in thermal waters 5.2.6 Chemical types of hot-spring waters and their distributions 5.3 Application of chemical geothermometers 5.3.1 Application of SiO2geothermometer 5.3.2 Application of Na-K geothermometer 5.3.3 Application of Na-K-Ca geothermometer 5.4 Judgement on the estimates of underground temperatures for each hydrothermal system in Tengchong 5.5 Hydrochemical conceptual model for Hot-Sea geothermal field 5.5.1 An inference of the extension of Hot-Sea 5.5.2 Relationship between the underground mixing and boiling processes 5.5.3 Hydrochemical conceptual model of Hot-Sea geothermal field References Chapter 6 An investigation of soil mercury,arsenic,antimony and bismuth in Hot-Sea and Langpu Hot Pool within Tengchong Zheng Yaxin 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Survey area,sampling and analysis 6.3 Soil mercury anomalies in Hot-Sea and Langpu Hot Pool 6.3.1 Intensity and distribution of soil mercury anomalies 6.3.2 Water mercury anomaly of the Bapai large-flow spring 6.3.3 Relationship between the mercury anomalies and soil types 6.4 Soil arsenic,antimony and bismuth anomalies within the survey area 6.5 Information derived from radon survey 6.6 Conclusions References Chapter 7 Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of hot-spring waters in Tengchong Shen Minzi,Hou Fagao,Ni Baoling and Lin Ruifen 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sample collection and analysis 7.3 Source of geothermal waters 7.3.1 Rain,surface and underground waters 7.3.2 Origin of geothermal waters 7.4 Recharge,flow-off and discharge of geothermal waters 7.5 Subsurface condition of Hot-Sea geothermal system 7.5.1 Deuterium and oxygen-18 of thermal waters 7.5.2 Tritium content of thermal waters 7.5.3 Nature of subsurface processes in Hot-Sea geothermal field References Chapter 8 On the carbon-and sulfur-isotope variations in Tengchong hydrothermal areas Tong Wei,Chen Chengye,Zhu Meixiang and Chen Minyang 8.1 Experimental techniques and data accuracies 8.2 Carbon-and sulfur-isotopic compositions of Tengchong hydrothermal areas 8.3 Discussion References Chapter 9 Surficial hydrothermal alteration in Tengchong hydrothermal areas Zhu Meixiang,Tong Wei and Zhou Changjin 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Components,assemblages,occurrences and distributions of hydrothermal alteration minerals 9.2.1 Components of hydrothermal alteration minerals——Carbonates,sulfates,oxides,radioactive minerals,clay minerals,zeolites and native sulfur 9.2.2 Assemblages,occurrences and distributions of hydrothermal alteration minerals 9.3 Sinters 9.3.1 Geographical distribution of sinters 9.3.2 Morphological properties of sinters 9.3.3 Discussion on uranium-mineral-forming process in siliceous sinters 9.4 Wall-rock alteration in Hot-Sea geothermal field 9.4.1 Geological settings 9.4.2 Petrological characteristics of altered rocks 9.4.3 Types of hydrothermal alteration——Alunitization,kaolinization,I-S mixed-layer mineralization,silicification,pyrite-marcasitization 9.4.4 Zoning of altered rocks——Kaolinite zone,alunite zone,kaolinite＋I-S mixed layer mineral zone,I-S mixed-layer mineral zone,I-S mixed-layer neral＋kaolinite zone 9.4.5 Controlling factors of the zoning of altered rocks Summary References Chapter 10 Characters of the mathematical geothermogeology in Tengchong Xu Zengbang 10.1 Characteristics of geothermal data 10.2 Subsurface temperature prediction of geothermal areas 10.3 Clustering of the observational variables and samples 10.4 Correspondence analysis of the observational samples and variables 10.5 Trend-surface analysis of spring-vent temperatures,Cl-,HCO3-concentrations and subsurface temperatures Chapter 11 Thermophilic microorganisms in hot-spring waters from Hot-Sea geothermal field of Tengchong Zhang Yun 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Locality and environments 11.3 Methods 11.4 Composition and distribution of the microbial communities 11.4.1 Microorganisms living in hot water within 88—91℃ 11.4.2 Bacteria living in hot water within 86—88℃ 11.4.3 Microbial mats living in thermal springs within 68—72℃ 11.4.4 Microbial mats living in thermal springs below 60℃ 11.5 Discussion References Chapter 12 Field observation of the seismicity in Tengchong volcanogeothermal region Liu Baocheng,Zhang Limin,Zhang Zhaoxing,Zhang Baoshan and Tong Wei 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Historical earthquakes in Tengchong and its neighbours 12.3 The stress field from major earthquakes 12.4 Relationship between the seismicity,volcanoes and hydrothermalities 12.5 Field observations of microseismicity in Tengchong region 12.5.1 Seismic instruments and network 12.5.2 Analysis and processing of seismic records 12.5.3 The magnitude-frequency relation 12.5.4 The earth crust and medium conditions 12.5.5 The average stress field from small earthquakes 12.5.6 The hydrothermal activities and microseismicities 12.6 Conclusions References Chapter 13 Research on the geological settings of Tengchong geothermal region Liao Zhijie 13.1 Outline of regional geology 13.2 Active tectonics and the distribution of hydrothermal areas 13.3 Heat source of the present hydrothermal activities References Chapter 14 Preliminary assessment of resource-exploitation potential of Tengchong geothermal region,Yunnan Province Guo Guoying,Zhang Zhifei and Liao Zhijie 14.1 Estimation of the geothermal resources by volume method 14.1.1 Selection of parameters 14.1.2 Calculation results 14.2 Estimation of the geothermal resources by natural heat flows 14.2.1 Heat loss by fumaroles 14.2.2 Heat loss by steaming and warming grounds 14.2.3 Heat loss by boiling,hot and warm springs 14.2.4 Heat loss from anomalous areas 14.2.5 Some results 14.3 Discussion References Chapter 15 Dicisive demonstration of the geothermal development in Tengchong Zhang Mingtao,Liu Yuanfu and Tong Wei 15.1 Geothermal energy is not an alternative today but only a future energy source in general 15.2 Historical experience of the Chinese geothermal enterprise 15.3 Some constraints to Tengchong geothermal development 15.4 Forest is the major component in the local fuel constitution of Tengchong of the time 15.5 Present situation,future and problems of Tengchong's mini-hydros 15.6 Regain the historic position of Tengchong by speeding up its geothermal development 15.7 Some recommendations References Attached table:Comprehensive chemical data of hot-spring waters from Tengchong hydrothermal areas Zhang Zhifei,Zhao Fengsan and He Zongli Plates and their explanations
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