2.11.1 Proteins and Cells from a Nanomaterials Perspective
2.11.1.1 Proteins as Nanomaterials
2.11.1.2 Robustness of Proteins against Mutation
2.11.1.3 Cells as Nanostructured Materials
2.11.1.4 Biological Signal Transduction
2.11.2 Single-Molecule Studies of Conformational Dynamics and Protein-Protein Interactions in Signaling
2.11.2.1 Introduction to Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
2.11.2.2 Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy of Photoactive Yellow Protein:Anisotropy and Functional Conformational Changes
2.11.2.2.1 Introduction to PYP
2.11.2.2.2 Force spectroscopy of conformational changes during PYP signaling
2.11.2.2.3 Force spectroscopy of anisotropy in the structural stability of PYP
2.11.2.3 Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy of the Transmembrane Signaling Complex of Sensory Rhodopsin II
2.11.2.3.1 Introduction to SR
2.11.2.3.2 Force spectroscopy of a transmembrane signaling complex
2.11.2.3.3 Conclusions and general implications for the use of single-molecule force spectroscopy in studying the structural and functional properties of proteins
2.11.3 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Approaches of In Vivo Signaling
2.11.3.1 Introduction to FRET and FCS
2.11.3.2 Using FRET to Probe Protein-Protein Interactions in Chemotactic E. coli Cells
2.11.3.2.1 Introduction to chemotaxis signaling in E. coli
2.11.3.2.2 Probing in vivo chemotactic signaling in E. coli by FRET
2.11.3.3 FCS Approaches to Biological Signaling
2.11.3.3.1 Using FCS to measure the concentration of signaling proteins in a single cell
2.11.3.3.2 Correlating signaling protein concentration and responses of a single cell
2.11.3.3.3 Conclusions and general implications for signal transduction
2.11.3.4 Consequences of Thermal Noise for Biological Signaling
2.11.3.4.1 Robustness of cellular behavior against thermal noise
2.11.3.4.2 Molecular noise as a key element in chemotactic signaling
2.11.3.4.3 Exploiting thermal noise for biological signaling:Competence in Bacillus subtilis
2.11.3.4.4 Conclusions and general implications on the role of noise in biological signaling
2.11.4 Subcellular Nanoscale Protein Clusters in Biological Signaling
2.11.4.1 The Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton of Bacteria
2.11.4.2 Nanoclusters for Signaling in Bacterial Chemotaxis
2.11.4.2.1 Nanoscale protein clusters in E. coli chemotaxis
2.11.4.2.2 Introduction to chemotaxis in Rb. sphaeroides
2.11.4.2.3 Nanoscale complexes of signaling proteins in Rb. sphaeroides
2.11.4.3 Conclusions and Implications of Nanoscale Protein Clusters for Biological Signaling
References
2.12 太阳能转换:从自然到人工
2.12.1 Nature's Way
2.12.1.1 Construction of Light-Harvesting and Energy-Converting Pigment Systems of Photosynthesis
2.12.1.2 Need for a Light-Harvesting Antenna
2.12.1.3 Spectral Coverage
2.12.1.4 Efficient Energy Flow through the Light-Harvesting Antenna Systems
2.12.1.5 Intracomplex Energy Transfer
2.12.1.6 Delocalized Excitons in Photosynthetic Light Harvesting
2.12.1.7 Efficient Antenna-RC Coupling:Long-Distance Energy Transfer versus Short-Distance Charge Transfer
2.12.1.8 Carotenoid Molecules in Photosynthesis-Their Spectroscopy
2.12.1.9 Light Harvesting by Carotenoid Molecules
2.12.1.10 Protection of the Photosynthetic Machinery-Quenching of Chlorophyll Excited States by Carotenoids
2.12.1.11 Storing the Energy of Light-Photosynthetic Charge Separation
2.12.2 The Artificial Way
2.12.2.1 Nanostructured Materials for Solar Electricity
2.12.2.2 Nanostructured Dye-Sensitized Metal Oxides of Gr?tzel Solar Cells
2.12.2.3 Electron Injection from Sensitizer to Semiconductor in DSCs
2.12.2.4 Charge Recombination and Transport in Dye-Sensitized Semiconductor Materials
2.12.2.5 Dye-Semiconductor Binding from Recombination Dynamics in Dye-Sensitized Materials
2.12.2.6 Recombination and DSC Performance
2.12.2.7 Charge Transport in Dye-Sensitized Nanostructured Semiconductor Films
2.12.2.8 Plastic Solar Cells Based on the BHJ Concept
2.12.2.8.1 Charge generation and recombination
2.12.2.8.2 Relation of BHJ photophysics to solar cell function