Contents 1 Development Characteristics of Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs 1 1.1 Reservoir Characteristics of Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs 1 1.1.1 The Macroscopic Heterogeneity of Tight Reservoirs 1 1.1.2 The Microscopic Heterogeneity and Characteristics of Pore-Fracture Media at Different Scales 5 1.2 Development Mode and Characteristics of Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs 13 1.2.1 Development Mode with Horizontal Wells 15 1.2.2 Stimulation Mode of Hydraulic Fracturing 17 1.2.3 Flow Behavior Between Horizontal Wells and Reservoirs 18 1.2.4 Production Mode 19 1.3 Problems and Requirements for the Numerical Simulation Process in Unconventional Tight Reservoirs. 25 1.3.1 Problems and Requirements for the Geo-Modeling Technologies of Unconventional Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs 25 1.3.2 Problems and Requirements in Numerical Simulation Theory of Unconventional Tight Reservoirs 29 1.3.3 Problems and Requirements in Numerical Simulation Technologies of Unconventional Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs 31 References 32 2 Flow and Recovery Mechanisms in Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs 35 2.1 Classification and Characteristics of Multiple Media at Different Scales in Tight Reservoirs 35 2.1.1 Definition and Classification of Multiple Media at Different Scales 35 2.1.2 Classification Method of Multiple Media. 41 2.2 Flow Regimes and Flow Mechanisms 42 2.2.1 Definition of Flow Regime 42 2.2.2 Classification of Flow Regimes and Flow Mechanisms 42 2.3 Mechanisms of Displacement Processes 49 2.3.1 Conventional Displacement Mechanisms of Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs 49 2.3.2 Special Mechanisms of Tight Oil Reservoirs 52 2.3.3 Special Displacement Mechanisms of Tight Gas Reservoirs 53 2.4 Oil-Producing Capacity for the Porous Media at Different Scales 55 2.4.1 Oil-Producing Capacity of Reservoir Matrix 55 2.4.2 Oil-Drainage Area of Reservoir Matrix 59 2.5 Coupled Recovery Mechanisms of Pore-Fracture Media at Different Scales 60 2.5.1 Coupled Flow Behavior Between Multiple Media 61 2.5.2 Coupled Recovery Mechanisms in Different Production Stages 63 References 69 3 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Multiple Media at Different Scales 71 3.1 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Multiple Media for Tight Oil Reservoirs 71 3.1.1 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Continuous Single Media 71 3.1.2 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Continuous Dual Media 74 3.1.3 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Continuous Multiple Media 75 3.1.4 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Discontinuous Multiple Media 79 3.2 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Multiple Media for Tight Gas Reservoirs 86 3.2.1 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Continuous Single Media 86 3.2.2 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Continuous Dual Media 86 3.2.3 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Continuous Multiple Media 87 3.2.4 Mathematical Model of Multiphase Flow in Discontinuous Multiple Media 89 References 94 4 Discretization Methods on Unstructured Grids and Mathematical Models of Multiphase Flow in Multiple Media at Different Scales 97 4.1 Grid Partitioning and Grid Generation Technology for Numerical Simulation 97 4.1.1 Structured Grid Technology 100 4.1.2 Unstructured Grid Technology 105 4.1.3 Hybrid Grid Technology 114 4.2 Grid Connectivity Characterization Technology for Numerical Simulation 117 4.2.1 Grid Ordering Technology for Numerical Simulation 118 4.2.2 Grid Neighbor Characterization Technology for Numerical Simulation 123 4.2.3 Grid Connectivity Characterization Technology for Numerical Simulation 125 4.3 The Discretization Technology of the Mathematical Model for Multiphase Flow in Multiple Media at Different Scales 132 4.3.1 The Spatial Discretization Method of the Mathematical Model for Multiphase Flow in Multiple Media at Different Scales 132 4.3.2 Finite Volume Discretization Method of the Mathematical Model for Multiphase Flow in Discontinuous Multiple Media at Different Scales 133 References 148 7 Coupled Multiphase Flow-Geomechanics Simulation for Multiple Media with Different-Size Pores and Natural/Hydraulic Fractures in Fracturing-Injection-Production Process 229 7.1 Coupled Flow-Geomechanics Deformation Mechanism of Multiple Media with Different Scales Pores and Fractures 229 7.1.1 The Principle of Effective Stress in Multiple Media with Different Scales Pores and Fractures 229 7.1.2 Mechanisms of Matrix Pore Expansion, Hydraulic/Natural Fracture Propagation During Pore Pressure Increasing 234 7.1.3 Mechanisms of Matrix Pore Compression, Hydraulic/Natural Fractures Closure Deformation During Pore Pressure Decreasing 238 7.1.4 Characteristics Analysis of Dynamic Change of Multiple Media with Different Scales Pores and Fractures 241 7.2 Coupled Flow-Geomechanics Dynamic Simulation for Multiple Media with Different Scales Pores and Fractures 247 7.2.1 Pressure-Deformation Law of Multiple Media with Different Scales Pores and Fractures 247 7.2.2 Dynamic Models of Geometric and Physical Parameters for Multiple Media in Fracturing-Injection-Production Process 249 7.2.3 Dynamic Model of Transmissibility and Well Index 255 7.2.4 Process of Coupled Flow-Geomechanics Simulation for Multiple Media with Different Scales Pores and Fractures. 257 References 259 8 Identification of Flow Regimes and Self-adaption Simulation of Complex Flow Mechanisms in Multiple Media with Different-Scale Pores and Fractures 261 8.1 Identification Index System of Flow Regimes in Multiple Media for Tight Oil and Gas 261 8.1.1 Determination of Critical Parameters of Macroscopic Flow Regimes Based on Flow Characteristic Curves 262 8.1.2 Critical Parameters of Microscopic Flow of Tight Gas 277 8.2 Identification Criterion of Flow Regimes in Multiple Media for Tight Oil and Gas 279 8.2.1 Identification Method of Flow Regimes in Multiple Media for Tight Oil and Gas 279 8.2.2 Identification Criterion of Flow Regime in Multiple Media for Tight Oil and Gas 282 8.3 Flow Regimes Identification and Self-Adaption Simulation of Complex Flow Mechanisms in Multiple Media with Different-Scale Pores and Fractures 293 8.3.1 Identification of Flow Regimes and Self-Adaption Simulation of Complex Flow Mechanisms in Multi-Media for Tight Oil Reservoirs 293 8.3.2 Flow Regimes Identification and Self-Adaption Simulation of Complex Flow Mechanisms in Multiple Media for Tight Gas Reservoirs 296 References 300 9 Production Performance Simulation of Horizontal Well with Hydraulic Fracturing 301 9.1 Coupled Flow Pattern Between Reservoir and Horizontal Well with Hydraulic Fracturing 301 9.2 Simulation of Coupled Multiphase Flow Between Reservoir and Horizontal Well with Hydraulic Fracturing 301 9.2.1 Coupled Flow Simulation with Line-Source Wellbore Scheme 302 9.2.2 Coupled Flow Simulation with Discrete Wellbore Scheme 310 9.3 Coupled Flow Simulation with Multi-Segment Wellbore Scheme 314 9.3.1 Grid Partitioning and Ordering 314 9.3.2 Flow Behavior and Connectivity Table Between Reservoir and Horizontal Well. 314 9.3.3 Calculation Model for Dynamic Change of Well Index 315 9.3.4 Calculation Model for Production Rate with Multi-Segment Wellbore Scheme. 315 References 317 10 Generation and Solving Technology of Mathematical Matrix for Multiple Media Based on Unstructured Grids 319 10.1 Efficient Generation Technology of Mathematical Matrix for Multiple Media Based on Unstructured Grid 319 10.1.1 Mathematical Matrix Generation Technology Based on Unstructured Grid 319 10.1.2 Compression and Storage Technology for Complex-Structured Matrix 332 10.2 Efficient Solving Technology for Linear Algebraic Equations for Multiple Media Based on Unstructured Grids 336 10.2.1 Brief Summary of Coefficient Matrix Preconditioning and Solving Technology 337 10.2.2 Efficient Solving Technology for Linear Algebraic Equation Set for Multiple Media Based on Unstructured Grid 345 References 353 11 Application of Numerical Simulation in the Development of Tight Oil/Gas Reservoirs. 355 11.1 Numerical Simulation Software of Unconventional Tight Oil/Gas Reservoirs 355 11.1.1 Basic Functions of the Software 355 11.1.2 Special Functions of the Software 357 11.1.3 Optimization Simulation Function for Tight Oil/Gas Reservoir Development 357 11.2 Dynamic Simulation of Multiple Media at Different Scales in Tight Oil/Gas Reservoirs 357 11.2.1 Production Simulation of Pore Media at Different Scales 358 11.2.2 Simulation of Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics of Pore Media at Multiple Scales 365 11.2.3 Simulation of Multiple-Scale Natural Fracture Media 370 11.2.4 Self-Adaptive Simulation of Flow Behaviors and Complex Flow Mechanisms in Multiple Media 373 11.3 Simulation of Horizontal Wells and Hydraulic Fracturing in Tight Oil/Gas Reservoirs 383 11.3.1 Simulation of Horizontal Wells in Tight Oil/Gas Reservoirs 383 11.3.2 Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing in Tight Oil/Gas Reservoir 386 11.4 Coupled Simulation of Flow-Geomechanicss Coupling for Multiple-Scale Multiple Media During Fracturing-Injection-Production Processes 390 11.4.1 Integrated Simulation of Fracturing-Injection-Production Processes. 391 11.4.2 Simulation of Pore Pressure Variation During the Fracturing-Injection-Production Processes 392 11.4.3 Simulation of Physical Property Variation of Multiple Media During the Fracturing-Injection-Production Processes 393 11.4.4 Simulation of Conductivity and Well Index Variation During the Fracturing-Injection-Production Processes 394 11.4.5 Simulation of the Impact of Coupled Flow-Geomechanicss Mechanism on Production 395 11.5 Simulation of Production Performance by Different Types of Unstructured Grids 397 11.5.1 Simulation of Production Performance by Single-Type Scale-Varying Grids 398 11.5.2 Simulation of Production Performance by Different Types of Hybrid Grids 399 11.5.3 Simulation of Macroscopic Heterogeneity and Multiple Media by Hybrid Grids 401 References 403 12 Trend and Prospects of Numerical Simulation Technology for Unconventional Tight Oil/Gas Reservoirs 405 12.1 Geological Modeling for Unconventional Tight Oil/Gas Reservoirs 405 12.1.1 Modeling Technology of Geostress and Geomechanical Parameters. 405 12.1.2 Modeling Technology of Fluid Distribution in Multiple-Scale Multiple Media 406 12.1.3 Real-Time Dynamic 4D Geological Modeling Technologies 406 12.2 Integratednumerical Simulation of Fracturing-Injection-Production 406 12.3 Coupled Flow-Geomechanics Simulation of Fracturing-Injection-Production Processes 407 12.3.1 Coupled Flow-Geomechanics Simulation of Multiple Media During Fracture-Injection-Production Process 408 12.3.2 Coupled Flow-Geostress-Temperature Simulation of Multiple Media During Fracturing-Injection-Production Process 408 12.4 Simulation of Multi-Component and Complex-Phase for Multiple-Scale Multiple Media 408 12.4.1 Simulation of Multi-Component Complex-Phase for Multiple-Scale Multiple Media 409 12.4.2 Simulation of Fluid Properties and Flow Parameters for Multiple-Scale Multiple Media 409 12.5 Efficient Solving Technology for Numerical Simulation of Unconventional Reservoirs 410 12.5.1 Compression and Storage Technology for Complex Matrix 410 12.5.2 Efficient Preconditioning Technology 410 12.5.3 Heterogeneous Parallel Technology. 410 References 411
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