Contents Foreword Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Nanomagnetism: Principles, Nanostructures, and Biomedical Applications 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Nanomagnetic e.ects 4 1.2.1 Single domain and superparamagnetism 4 1.2.2 Exchange-coupling e.ect 6 1.2.3 Exchange bias e.ect 9 1.3 Magnetism of nanomaterials 12 1.3.1 Magnetism of NPs 12 1.3.2 Magnetism of nanoplates 12 1.3.3 Magnetism of nanorings 13 1.4 Biomedical applications of nanomagnetism 14 1.4.1 T2 MRI contrast agents 14 1.4.2 Magnetic hyperthermia 16 1.4.3 Biosensors 16 1.5 Conclusion 17 References 17 Controlled Synthesis and Modiˉcation Chapter 2 Chemical Synthesis of Magnetic Nanocrystals: Recent Progress 23 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Chemical synthesis of single-component magnetic NCs 25 2.2.1 Metal oxides 25 2.2.2 Metals and alloys 29 2.2.3 Metal carbides, phosphides, and chalcogenides 33 2.3 Chemical synthesis of multi-component magnetic NCs 38 2.3.1 Core/shell heterostructure 39 2.3.2 Oligomer-like heterostructure 44 2.3.3 Anisotropically shaped material-based heterostructure 49 2.4 Chemical synthesis of hollow/porous magnetic NCs 53 2.4.1 Fe-based hollow/porous NCs 53 2.4.2 Mn-based hollow/porous NCs 56 2.5 Summary and perspectives 57 References 58 Chapter 3 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Surface Coating Techniques for Biomedical Applications 68 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Fe3O4 and y-Fe2O3 70 3.3 Size-induced magnetism evolution and application mechanisms 72 3.4 Synthesis approaches 74 3.4.1 Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 74 3.4.2 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 75 3.4.3 Electrodeposition 75 3.4.4 Hydrothermal 76 3.4.5 Co-precipitation 78 3.4.6 High-temperature (thermal) decomposition of organometallic precursors 80 3.5 Surface coating for biomedical application 88 3.5.1 Au coating 88 3.5.2 SiO2 coating 91 3.5.3 TaOx coating 94 3.5.4 Polymer coating 95 3.5.5 Small molecular coating 100 3.5.6 Carbon coating 103 3.6 Conclusions and perspectives 104 References 105 Chapter 4 Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedicine 112 4.1 Introduction 112 4.2 Surface modification with organic molecules 114 4.3 Coating modification with macromolecules 117 4.3.1 Polymer coating 117 4.3.2 Liposome and micelle encapsulation 120 4.4 Coating modification with inorganic materials 120 4.4.1 Silica coating 120 4.4.2 Metal element coating 122 4.5 Conclusions and outlook 124 References 125 Diagnosis and Therapy Chapter 5 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Nanodiagnostics 133 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 Magnetic resonance imaging 136 5.3 Diagnostic magnetic resonance 164 5.4 Multifunctional MNPs for multimodal probing 166 5.5 Conclusion and future prospects 172 References 174 Chapter 6 Magnetic Microbubble: A Biomedical Platform Co-constructed from Magnetics and Acoustics 183 6.1 Introduction 183 6.2 Magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic characteristics 185 6.2.1 Preparation, surface modification, assembly of magnetic nanoparticles 185 6.2.2 Special features of magnetic nanoparticles 186 6.2.3 Biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles 190 6.2.4 Ultrasonic characteristics of magnetic nanoparticles liquid 192 6.3 Microbubble formalism and acoustic characteristics 193 6.3.1 Design and preparation of microbubbles 193 6.3.2 Actions of MBs with ultrasound waves 194 6.4 Magnetic and acoustic character of magnetic microbubbles (MMBs) 197 6.4.1 Fabrication of magnetic microbubbles 197 6.4.2 Acoustic response of magnetic microbubbles 198 6.4.3 Magnetic response of magnetic microbubbles 200 6.5 Applications of magnetic microbubbles in biomedicine 203 6.5.1 Multimodal imaging of MMBs 203 6.5.2 Ultrasound assisted drug delivery of MMBs 204 6.5.3 Magnetic field-controlled drug delivery and release of MMBs 204 6.6 Summary and perspectives 205 References 205 Chapter 7 Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Image-guided Photothermal Therapy for Cancer 209 7.1 Introduction 210 7.2 ICG-loaded MNPs for MR/fluorescence bimodal image-guided PTT 211 7.2.1 Fabrication of ICG-loaded SPIO NPs 211 7.2.2 In vivo MR/fluorescence bimodal imaging of ICG-loaded SPIO NPs 212 7.2.3 In vivo photothermal therapy with ICG-loaded SPIO NPs 214 7.3 Gold-nanoshelled magnetic cerasomes for MRI-guided photothermal therapy 214 7.3.1 Cerasomes combine the advantages of both liposomes and silica nanoparticles 214 7.3.2 Contrast-enhanced MRI imaging using GNMCs 216 7.3.3 Synergistic e.ect in killing cancer cells using GNMCs 216 7.4 Gold-nanoshelled magnetic nanocapsules for MR/ultrasound bimodal image-guided photothermal therapy 217 7.4.1 SPIOs-embedded PFOB nanocapsules with PEGylated gold shells (PGS-SP NCs) 217 7.4.2 Bimodal US/MRI contrast imaging capability of PGS-SP NCs 218 7.5 Conclusion and perspectives 220 References 221 Chapter 8 Magnetic-mediated Hyperthermia for Cancer Treatment: Research Progress and Clinical Trials 224 8.1 Cancer hyperthermia 225 8.2 Overview of magnetic-mediated hyperthermia (MMH) 226 8.2.1 Working mechanism and brief introduction to MMH 226 8.2.2 Categories of MMH 228 8.3 Research progress of MMH 230 8.3.1 IIH by thermoseeds and magnetic stent hyperthermia 230 8.3.2 AEH for liver cancer 232 8.3.3 Magnetic hyperthermia by MNPs 233 8.4 Clinical applications of MMH 237 8.4.1 Clinical trials of MMH by thermoseeds 237 8.4.2 Clinical trials of MSH 238 8.4.3 Clinical Trials of MNH 239 8.4.4 Clinical trials of AEH 240 8.5 Multifunctional magnetic devices for cancer multimodality treatment 240 8.5.1 Multifunctional magnetic device for thermoradiotherapy 241 8.5.2 Multifunctional magnetic devices for thermochemotherapy 242 8.6 Conclusions and remarks 247 References 248 Chapter 9 Magnetic Nanoparticle-based Cancer Therapy 257 9.1 Introduction 258 9.2 MNPs-based cancer therapy 259 9.2.1 Magnetic hyperthermia 259 9.2.2 Magnetic specific targeting 264 9.2.3 Magnetically controlled drug delivery 266 9.2.4 Magnetofection 267 9.2.5 Magnetic switches for controlling cell fate 269 9.2.6 Recently developed therapies 273 9.3 Conclusions and perspectives 276 References 278 Chapter 10 Composite Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Cancer-related Applications 287 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 Controlled synthesis of composite nanoparticles 288 10.2.1 Dumbbell-like nanoparticles 288 10.2.2 Core a shell nanoparticles 291 10.2.3 Core/satellite- or flower-like NPs 295 10.3 Applications 295 10.4 Summary and perspective 297 References 297 Chapter 11 Formation of Multifunctional Fe3O4/Au Composite Nanoparticles for Dual-mode MR/CT Imaging Applications 302 11.1 Introduction 302 11.2 Synthesis or formation of Fe3O4/Au CNPs 304 11.2.1 “Dumbbell-like" structured CNPs 304 11.2.2 “Core/shell" structured CNPs 305 11.3 Dual-mode MR/CT imaging applications of Fe3O4/Au CNPs 309 11.4 Concluding remarks and outlooks 314 References 315 Biocompatibility Chapter 12 Using Magnetic Nanoparticles to Manipulate Biological Objects 321 12.1 Introduction 321 12.2 Protein separation 323 12.3 Magnetofection 326 12.4 Manipulation of cellular organelles 327 12.5 Separation and detection of bacteria 331 12.6 Manipulation of cells 334 12.7 Manipulation of organs 337 12.8 Conclusion 338 References 338 Chapter 13 Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Research Strategies and Implications for Nanomedicine 342 13.1 Introduction 343 13.2 Mechanism of toxicity 343 13.3 In vitro cytotoxicity 345 13.4 In vivo toxicity of SPIONs 349 13.5 Blood compatibility 353 13.6 Biodistribution and elimination 353 13.7 In silico assays for nanotoxicity 354 13.8 Surface engineering for SPIONs-based nanomedicine 355 13.9 Conclusions and perspectives 358 References 359 Perspective 366 References 369
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