本书探讨了英语人称代词的母语和二语习得研究。这里的人称代词包含反身代词和第三人称代词。在对相关的文献详细综述后,本书进行了一项实证研究,即比较高级英语水平的中国学生在英语反身代词以及宾语代词两个领域的习得。实验结果表明,他们对前者局部约束性的掌握远好于对后者有形性的掌握。这一现象可以通过语法分析理论得到解释:参数的重新设定要靠语言依据来激活;如果二语输入中缺少能够激活参数值重新设定的语言依据,那么即使处在高级英语水平阶段,二语学习者的中介语依然会呈现母语的参数值特征。
样章试读
目录
Acknowledgements
前言
Abstract
Chapter 1 Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition
1.1 Introduction
1.2 UG and SLA
1.2.1 Principles and Parameters of UG
1.2.2 SLA
1.2.2.1 The Binding of Reflexives
1.2.2.2 The Licensing of Null Objects
1.2.3 Three Major UG-based SLA Theories
1.2.3.1 The Full Transfer Full Access Hypothesis
1.2.3.2 The Minimal Trees Hypothesis
1.2.3.3 The Failed Functional Features Hypothesis
1.3 Summary
Chapter 2 Cross-Linguistic Variation on the Binding of Reflexives and Licensing of Null Objects
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cross-linguistic Variation on the Binding of Reflexives
2.2.1 The Parameterized Approach
2.2.2 The Move-to-Infl Approach
2.2.3 The Relativized SUBJECT Approach
2.2.4 A New Approach to the Cross-linguistic Variation on the Binding of Reflexives
2.3 Cross-linguistic Variation on the Licensing of Null Objects
2.4 The Binding of Reflexives and the Licensing of Null Objects
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3 Studies on the Acquisition of Reflexive Binding and Null Objects
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Reflexive Binding in L1 Acquisition
3.3 Reflexive Binding in L2 Acquisition
3.3.1 Hirakawa(1990)
3.3.2 Yuan(1994)
3.3.3 MacLaughlin(1998)
3.3.4 Thomas(1995)
3.3.5 Jiang(2009b)
3.3.6 White et al.(1997)
3.4 Null Objects in L1 Acquisition
3.5 Null Objects in L2 Acquisition
3.5.1 Yuan(1997)
3.5.2 Park(2004)
3.6 Summary
Chapter 4 Main Study
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Study
4.2.1 Subjects
4.2.2 Materials and Procedure
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Reflexive Binding
4.3.1.1 Group Results
4.3.1.2 Individual Results
4.3.1.3 Summary
4.3.2 Null Objects
4.3.2.1 Group Results
4.3.2.2 Individual Results
4.3.2.3 Summary
4.3.3 Correlation between Reflexive Binding and Null Objects
4.4 Summary
Chapter 5 Discussion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 A-Binding/A'-Binding Asymmetry
5.2.1 Native Language Transfer in L2 Acquisition
5.2.2 Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition
5.2.3 A New Approach Involving an Interaction of the L1 Grammar and the L2 Input
5.2.3.1 Morphological Complexity of the English Reflexive
5.2.3.2 Binding to Non-Subjects
5.2.3.3 Overt Agreement Morphology
5.2.4 The Implications of the Findings for UG-based SLA Theories
5.3 The Finite/Non-finite Asymmetry in the A-Binding Domain
5.4 The A-bound/A'-bound Null Object Asymmetry in the A'-binding Domain
5.5 Conclusion
References
Appendix I The Main Test
Appendix II The Proficiency Test
List of Tables
1.1 Parametric values for Turkish and German:Cevdet's three interlanguage stages(Tur=Turkish;S1=Stage 1;S2=Stage 2;S3=Stage 3;Ger=German)
1.2 Accurate judgments on relative clauses(in%)
2.1 Illustration of the GCP and PAP(from Manzini and Wexler 1987)
2.2 Three types of binding patterns
3.1 Responses of"yes"(in %)
3.2 The number of subjects which are classified into each binding pattern
3.3 Responses of"true"(in%)
3.4 Number of subjects in each task
3.5 Total omission of subjects and objects(in%)(Park 2004:5)
3.6 The licensing conditions of null subjects and null objects
3.7 Summary of findings of the L2 acquisition of English
4.1 Subjects' background information(SD=standard deviation)
4.2 Sentence types used to test L2 learners' interpretation of English reflexives
4.3 Sentence types used to test L2 learners' knowledge of English overt objects
4.4 Mean accuracy scores on local and LD antecedents
4.5 Mean accurate judgments of LD antecedents on finite versus non-finite clauses
4.6 Three types of binding patterns
4.7 Classification of respondents according to the 80% consistency criterion
4.8 Criteria for rejection of LD referential antecedents(RAs)and LD quantified antecedents(QAs)
4.9 Number of Chinese speakers with full,partial,or no rejection of LD RAs and LD QAs according to the criteria levels set in Table 4.8
4.10 Overall mean accuracy scores on null objects and converted percentages
4.11 Mean accuracy scores on A-bound and A'-bound null objects
4.12 Error rates for Chinese speakers and native controls on each null-object sentence(percentage of errors per sentence)
4.13 Number of participants giving consistent responses to null objects
4.14 Accuracy scores on reflexive binding and null objects for each Chinese speaker
5.1 Cevdet's three successive developmental stages
List of Figures
4.1 Mean accuracy scores on local antecedents by sentence type
4.2 Mean accuracy scores on LD antecedents by sentence type
4.3 Mean accurate judgments(in%)of local binding and LD binding involving quantified vs.referential antecedents in the finite sentences
4.4 Percentage of errors per null-object sentence
4.5 Accuracy scores on reflexive binding and null objects for each L2 subject]]>