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中国冰川及其环境(英文版)
  • 书号:9787030175809
    作者:施雅风
  • 外文书名:GLACIERS AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTS IN CHINA
  • 装帧:圆脊精装
    开本:16
  • 页数:576
    字数:800
    语种:英文
  • 出版社:科学出版社
    出版时间:2008-04-09
  • 所属分类:P9 自然地理学 P93 部门自然地理学
  • 定价: ¥500.00元
    售价: ¥395.00元
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目录

  • FOREWORD Ⅰ
    FOREWORD Ⅱ
    PREFACE
    CHAPTER 1  INTRODUCTION
    1.1  GLACIERS,CRYOSPHERE AND GLACIOLOGY
    1.2  DEVELOPMENT OF GLACIOLOGY IN CHINA
    1.2.1  Preliminary Development during 1958-1977
    1.2.2  Relatively Steady Development of Glaciological Research since 1978
    1.3  SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GLACIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
    1.3.1  Applications to Studies of Water and Tourism Resources and Their RationalUtilization
    1.3.2  Effective Mitigation of Glacier-and Snow-Induced Disasters
    1.3.3  Valuable Information Sources of Climate and Environment
    1.3.4  Inspiring Future Generations
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER 2  GLACIERS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN CHINA
    2.1  CONDITIONS FOR GLACIER DEVELOPMENT
    2.1.1  Mountains and Glacier Development in West China
    2.1.2  Climatic Conditions of Glacier Development
    2.2  MAIN RESULTS OF THE GLACIER INVENTORY OF CHINA
    2.2.1  The Glacier Inventory of China
    2.2.2  Glacier Volume
    2.2.3  Distribution of Glaciers by Province(Region)
    2.2.4  Distribution of Glaciers by Mountain System
    2.2.5  Distribution of Glaciers by Slope Orientation
    2.2.6  Distribution of Glaciers by Water Drainage System
    2.3  GLACIER TYPES AND THEIR REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION
    2.3.1  Classification in Terms of Geophysical Properties
    2.3.2  Classification in Terms of Morphology and Distribution Characteristics
    of Morphological Types
    2.3.3  Relation between Glacier Morphological Type and Glacier Size
    2.4  SNOW LINE ALTITUDE AND ITS SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
    2.4.1  Method to Determine the Snow Line Altitude
    2.4.2  Spatial Distribution of the Snow Line Altitude and Its Dependent Factors
    2.4.3  Accumulation Area Ratio of Glaciers and the Factors on Which It Depends
    2.5  GLACIERS LOCATED IN SOME REPRESENTATIVE REGIONS
    AND THEIR FEATURES
    2.5.1  The Altay Mountains
    2.5.2  The Tianshan Mountains
    2.5.3  The Qilian Mountains
    2.5.4  The Pamirs
    2.5.5  The Karakorum Mountains
    2.5.6  The Kunlun Mountains
    2.5.7  The Qangtang Plateau,Especially the Purog Kangri Ice Field
    2.5.8  The East Section of the Nyainqê ntanglha Range
    2.5.9  The Mount Gongga and Mount Yulong of the Hengduan Mountains
    2.5.10  The Middle Section of the Himalayas
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER 3  PHYSICS OF GLACIERS
    3.1  DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE IN GLACIERS
    3.1.1  Introduction
    3.1.2  Heat Transfer in the Near-Surface Layer
    3.1.3  Heat Conduction at the Glacier Base
    3.1.4  Heat Transfer within a Glacier
    3.1.5  Two-Dimensional Temperature Distribution
    3.1.6  Temperate Glaciers
    3.1.7  Types of Glacier Temperature Distribution
    3.2  ICE FORMATION
    3.2.1  The Transformation of Snow to Ice
    3.2.2  Glacial Zonation
    3.2.3  Glacial Zones in the Main Glacierized Areas
    3.3  ICE TEXTURES
    3.3.1  The History
    3.3.2  Crystal Size
    3.3.3  c-Axis Orientation
    3.3.4  The Features of Ice Textures in China
    3.4  MECHANISMS OF GLACIER MOTION
    3.4.1  A Brief View
    3.4.2  Deformation of Ice
    3.4.3  Basal Sliding and Deformation of the Bed
    3.4.4  Hydraulic Effects at the Glacier Bed
    3.4.5  A Summary of Motion Mechanisms of Glaciers in China
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER 4  MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE OF GLACIERS
    4.1  FUNDAMEN T AL CONCEPTS AND MEASUREMEN T MET H ODS
    OF MASS BALANCE
    4.1.1  Fundamental Concepts
    4.1.2  Significance of Mass Balance Study
    4.1.3  Methods of Measurement and Calculation
    4.2  MASS BALANCE MEASUREMENTS IN CHINA
    4.2.1  Current Situation of Mass Balance Measurements
    4.2.2  The Primary Measured Results
    4.3  CHARACTERISTICS OF MASS BALANCE OF GLACIERS IN CHINA
    4.3.1  Temporal Processes and the Characteristics of Mass Balance
    4.3.2  Relations between Mass Balance,ELA and Meteorological Variables
    4.4  METHODS OF MASS BALANCE ESTIMATION
    4.4.1  For A Single Glacier
    4.4.2  For a Drainage Basin
    4.5  CHARACTERISTICS OF ENERGY BALANCE OF GLACIERS
    4.5.1  The Heat Components for Glacier Development
    4.5.2  Special Climate Factors on Glaciers
    4.5.3  Features of Heat Balance at a Glacier Surface
    4.6  CASE STUDIES OF HEAT BALANCE
    4.6.1  In the Glacier U-1
    4.6.2  In the Dongkemadi Glacier
    4.6.3  In the Chongce Ice Cap
    4.7  STUDIES BY MODELING
    4.7.1  Glacier State Model
    4.7.2  Glacier Process Model
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER 5  SNOW AND ICE CHEMISTRY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
    5.1  WHAT IS SNOW AND ICE CHEMISTRY ?
    5.1.1  The Principal Aspects of Snow and Ice Chemistry and Approaches toResearch
    5.1.2  An Overview of Developing Trends in the Study of Snow and IceChemistry
    5.2  THE MAJOR ANIONS AND CATIONS IN SNOW AND ICE AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
    5.2.1  The Significant Difference of the Atmospheric Environment in the South and North Parts of the Tibetan Plateau
    5.2.2  The Environmental Significances of Various Chemical Ions
    5.2.3  Comparison with Snow and Ice Chemistry in Polar Regions
    5.3  THE INSOLUBLE MICROPARTICLES IN SNOW AND ICE
    5.3.1  The Climatic and Environmental Significances of the Insoluble Microparticles in Ice Cores
    5.3.2  The Distribution Characteristics of Insoluble Microparticles in Shallow Ice Cores on the Tibetan Plateau
    5.3.3  Atmospheric Processes Influencing the Dust in Glaciers before Deposition
    5.4  STABLE OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN SNOW AND ICE AND THEIR CLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE
    5.4.1  Relationship between δ18 O and Temperature in Observations through the Year
    5.4.2  Seasonal Variations of δ18 O Values of Precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau
    5.4.3  Spatial Variations of δ18 O Values of Precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau
    5.5  MECHANISM OF ICE CORE RECORD FORMATION
    5.5.1  Air-Snow Exchange Processes
    5.5.2  The Post-Deposition Process — Elution of Ions in Snow and Ice
    5.6  ORGANIC MATTER AND MICROBES IN SNOW AND ICE
    5.6.1  Preliminary Research on Organic Acids in Snow and Ice
    5.6.2  The Micro-organisms in Snow and Ice
    5.6.3  The Climatic and Environmental Implications of Organic Matter in Snow
    and Ice
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER 6 SNOW COVER DISTRIBUTION,VARIABILITY,AND RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA
    6.1  ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE AND MONITORING OF SNOW COVER
    6.1.1  Snow Cover and Its Environmental Impacts
    6.1.2  Snow Cover Monitoring
    6.2  DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW COVER
    6.2.1  Distribution of Annual Number of Snow Cover Days and Snow Cover Classes
    6.2.2  Spatial Pattern of Snow Depth Distribution
    6.2.3  Annual Cycle of Snow Cover
    6.3  INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF SNOW COVER
    6.3.1  Brief Review of Current Knowledge and Gaps of Global Snow Cover Variability
    6.3.2  Interannual Variations of Snow Cover and Possible Climatic Forcing
    6.3.3  Long-Term Variability of Snow Cover in Northwest China
    6.3.4  Characteristics of Temporal and Spatial Variations of Tibetan Snow Cover
    6.3.5  The Problems of the Effect of Tibetan Snow Cover on the Asian Monsoon
    6.4  RESPONSE OF SNOW COVER TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    6.4.1  Association between Interannual Variability of Snow Cover,Winter Temperature and Precipitation
    6.4.2  Testing for Trends in Time Series of Snow Cover
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER7 GLACIAL RUNOFF AND ITS MODELING
    7.1  GLACIAL RUNOFF AND ITS SUPPLY TO THE RIVERS
    7.1.1  Characteristics of Glacial Meltwater Discharge
    7.1.2  Estimation of Glacial Meltwater Discharge
    7.1.3  Contribution of Glacial Meltwater Discharge to the Rivers
    7.1.4  Hydrological Processes of the Permafrost Regions
    7.2  FORMATION PROCESSES OF SNOW AND ICE MELTWATER RUNOFF AND THEIR SIMULATION
    7.2.1  Energy-Water-Mass Balance and Runoff Formation
    7.2.2  Separation of Solid Precipitation
    7.2.3  Discharge Simulation
    7.3  RESPONSE OF GLACIAL MELTWATER DISCHARGE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    7.3.1  Response in the Equilibrium State
    7.3.2  Processes of Dynamic Response of Glacial Meltwater Discharge to Climate Change
    7.4  WATER BALANCE MODEL SIMULATION OF MOUNTAIN RIVER DISCHARGE SUPPLIED BY GLACIAL MELTWATER
    7.4.1  Water Balance Model
    7.4.2  Response of Discharge of the Urumqi River in the Tianshan Mountains to Climate Change
    7.4.3  Response of Mountain Runoff of the Ili River in the Tianshan Mountains to Climate Change
    7.4.4  Response of River Runoff to Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau
    7.5  CONCEPTUAL HYDROLOGICAL MODEL SIMULATION OF MOUNTAIN RIVER RUNOFF WITH A CONTRIBUTION FROM GLACIAL MELTWATER
    7.5.1  Model Structure
    7.5.2  Runoff Simulation
    7.5.3  Simulation of Runoff Changes under Climate Scenarios
    7.6  CHANGE OF GLACIAL MELTWATER RUNOFF
    7.6.1  General Status of Change of Glacial Meltwater Runoff
    7.6.2  Future Trend of Change of Glacial Meltwater Runoff
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER 8  SNOW AND ICE HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES
    8.1  INTRODUCTION
    8.1.1  An Overview
    8.1.2  Types,Distribution and Main Features of Snow and Ice Hazards in China
    8.2  LARGE GLACIAL MELTWATER FLOODS
    8.3  GLACIER LAKE OUTBURST FLOODS
    8.3.1  An Overview
    8.3.2  Types and Distribution of Glacier Lakes and the Hazards of GLOF in China
    8.3.3  The Mechanism of Glacier Lake Outbursts
    8.3.4  Features of GLOF and Its Modeling
    8.3.5  Changing Trend of GLOF
    8.4  GLACIER DEBRIS FLOWS
    8.4.1  Distribution of Glacier Debris flow and Its Damages
    8.4.2  Occurrence Conditions of Glacier Debris Flows
    8.4.3  Viscous and Dilute Glacier Debris Flows
    8.4.4  Some Features of Glacier Debris Flows
    8.4.5  Control of Glacier Debris Flows
    8.5  BLIZZARDS
    8.5.1  Blizzard Hazards in Pastoral Areas of China
    8.5.2  Monitoring Blizzard Hazards by Remote Sensing
    8.5.3  Loss Assessment Model of Blizzard Hazards
    8.5.4  Countermeasures against Blizzard Hazards in Pastoral Areas of China
    8.6  SNOW AVALANCHES
    8.6.1  Distribution of Avalanches in China
    8.6.2  Conditions of Snow Avalanche Release
    8.6.3  Avalanche Zoning
    8.6.4  Countermeasures against Snow Avalanches
    8.7  SNOWDRIFT
    8.7.1  An Overview
    8.7.2  Drifting Snow
    8.7.3  Snowdrift and Its Damage to Roads
    8.7.4  Control Principles of Snowdrift on Roads
    8.7.5  Blower Snow Fences
    8.7.6  Roadbed Design for Mitigating Snowdrift Hazard
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER 9  CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT CHANGES DERIVED FROM ICE CORE RECORDS
    9.1  ICE CORE STUDIES IN CHINA
    9.1.1  Dunde Ice Core
    9.1.2  Guliya Ice Core
    9.1.3  Dasuopu Ice Core
    9.1.4  Dongkemadi Ice Core
    9.1.5  Malan Ice Core
    9.1.6  U-1 Ice Core
    9.2  ICE CORE DATING METHODS
    9.2.1  Dating by Seasonal Variations of Physical Characteristics and Chemical Components in Snow/Ice
    9.2.2  Reference Layer
    9.2.3  Dating by an Ice Flow Model
    9.2.4  Dating by 36 Cl
    9.3  PROXIES OF PALEOCLIMATE AND PALEO-ENVIRONMENTS
    9.3.1  δ18 O
    9.3.2  Net Accumulation Rate
    9.3.3  Anions
    9.3.4  Cations
    9.3.5  Microparticles
    9.4  RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE PAST CLIMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
    9.4.1  Introduction
    9.4.2  Climatic and Environmental Record in the Guliya Ice Core since the Last Interglacial Stage
    9.4.3  Climate Variation in the Holocene Recorded in the Dunde Ice Core
    9.4.4  Climatic and Environmental Change in the Past 2000 Years
    9.4.5  The Climate Record in Ice Cores in West China since the Little Ice Age
    9.4.6  Modern Climate Warming Revealed by the Ice-Core Record on the Tibetan Plateau
    9.4.7  Relationship between Precipitation Revealed by the Ice-Core Record and the Monsoon
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER 10  QUATERNARY GLACIATIONS ,GLACIAL AND INTERGLACIAL CYCLES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
    10.1  COMPARISON BETWEEN THE GLACIATION OF CHINA AND MARINE ISOTOPE STAGES
    10.2  SMALL-SCALE GLACIATION AND GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT IN THE EARLY PLEISTOCENE
    10.3  THE MAXIMUM GLACIATION DURING 0.8-0.6 Ma BP
    10.3.1  The Maximum Glaciation during the Early Episode of Mid-Pleistocene
    10.3.2  Reconstruction of the Geographic Environment during 0.8-0.6 Ma BP
    10.3.3  Feedback Effects of the Snow-Ice Surface and Their Impact on the Monsoon Climate and on Adjacent Regions during the Maximum Glaciation
    10.4  CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT OF THE MEGA INTERGLACIAL PERIOD DURING THE MID-PLEISTOCENE
    10.5  MIS 12(0.42-0.45 Ma BP)GLACIATION AND ENVIRONMENT
    10.6  GLACIAL EXTENT AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE PENULTIMATE GLACIATION( ? -130 ka BP)
    10.6.1  Glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau and Adjacent Regions during the Penultimate Glaciation
    10.6.2  Glaciers of the Penultimate Glaciation in the Tianshan Mountains and the Altay Mountains
    10.6.3  Climate and Environment of the Penultimate Glaciation
    10.7  CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT DURING THE LAST INTERGLACIAL PERIOD(130-75 ka BP)
    10.8  GLACIAL EXTENT AND ENVIRONMENT DURING THE EARLY STAGE OF THE LAST GLACIAL PERIOD(75-58 ka BP)
    10.9  A PARTICULAR FLUCTUATION DURING THE MIDDLE STAGE(MIS 3)OF THE LAST GLACIAL PERIOD(60-30 ka BP)
    10.9.1  A Particular Fluctuation during MIS 3 Recorded in the Guliya Ice Core
    10.9.2  A Few Data in MIS 3c in the Tibetan Plateau
    10.9.3  The Cold MIS 3b and Glacier Advance
    10.9.4  Data in the Warm and Humid MIS 3a
    10.10  GLACIERS,CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT DURING THE LATE
    STAGE(MIS 2)OF THE LAST GLACIATION,MAINLY IN THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM
    10.10.1  Dating of Representative Moraines from the Last Glacial Maximum
    10.10.2  Glaciers,Climate and Environment during the LGM
    10.10.3  Calculation of the Decrease of Temperature and the Precipitation during the LGM
    10.10.4  Decreased Value of the Lowering of the Equilibrium Line Altitude on the
    Tibetan Plateau during the LGM and Its Causes
    10.10.5  Permafrost,Lakes and Vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Glacial Maximum
    10.10.6  Glaciers and Environment in the Tianshan Mountains and the Altay Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum
    10.10.7  Glaciers and Environment in the Mountain Regions of the East China in Relation to the Last Glacial Maximum
    10.10.8  Climate and Environmental Changes during the Late Glacial or Deglacial Stage of the Last Glaciation
    10.11  GLACIER FLUCTUATION AND VARIATION OF CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE DURING THE HOLOCENE
    10.11.1  Climate Warming and Cooling Events during the Early Holocene
    10.11.2  Warm Climate and Environment during the Mid-Holocene
    10.11.3  Climate and Environment during the Late-Holocene Cooling Period
    10.12  DRIVING FORCE OF CLIMATE CHANGES DURING THE GLACIAL AND INTERGLACIAL CYCLES AND THE SPECIAL NATURE OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU
    REFERENCES
    CHAPTER 11  IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON GLACIERS AND RELATED WATER RESOURCES IN CHINA
    11.1  THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON GLACIERS IN WEST CHINA SINCE THE END OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE AND DURING THE 20 TH CENTURY
    11.1.1  The Recent Global Warming and Enhanced Hydrological Cycle
    11.1.2  The Particular Regional Nature of Climatic Warming and Hydrological Cycles in West China
    11.1.3  Climatic Warming and Glacier Shrinkage since the Little Ice Age
    11.1.4  Accelerated Glacier Retreat during the Past 50 Years
    11.2  THE EFFECT OF GLACIER SHRINKAGE ON WATER RESOURCES IN WEST CHINA
    11.3  FUTURE SCENARIO OF CLIMATE AND GLACIERS,AND CONSEQUENCES FOR WATER RESOURCES AND DISASTERS IN WEST CHINA
    11.3.1  The Climate and Glaciers in the Coming Future
    11.3.2  The Impact of Accelerated Retreat of Glaciers on Water Resources and Disasters in the Future
    REFERENCES
    INDEX
    PLATES
    PHOTOGRAPHS
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