第4卷的编者 总目录 引言 第4卷 膜接触器和集成膜操作 膜接触器基本原理 4.01 膜蒸馏和渗透蒸馏 4.01.1 Definition and Basic Principles 4.01.2 Membrane Materials 4.01.3 Membrane Modification 4.01.3.1 Additives in the Casting Solution 4.01.3.2 Copolymers 4.01.3.3 Surface Coating,Grafting,and Plasma Treatment 4.01.3.4 Surface Modifying Molecules 4.01.4 Hydrophobicity and Nonwetting Properties 4.01.5 Mass Transfer 4.01.6 Heat Transfer 4.01.7 Performance of Different MD Variants 4.01.7.1 Direct Contact Membrane Distillation 4.01.7.2 Sweep Gas Membrane Distillation 4.01.7.3 Air Gap Membrane Distillation 4.01.7.4 Vacuum Membrane Distillation 4.01.7.5 Osmotic Distillation 4.01.8 Applications 4.01.8.1 Water Purification 4.01.8.2 Wastewater Treatment 4.01.8.3 Concentration of Agro-Food Solutions 4.01.8.4 Concentration of Biological Solutions References 4.02 膜结晶技术 4.02.1 Introduction 4.02.2 Time-Line Development of the Membrane Crystallization Concept 4.02.3 Description of Technology and General Working Principle 4.02.4 Operational Configurations 4.02.4.1 Solvent Evaporation Membrane Crystallizer 4.02.4.2 Antisolvent Membrane Crystallizer 4.02.5 Control of Supersaturation 4.02.5.1 Effect on Crystal Morphology and Purity 4.02.5.2 Influence on Polymorphism 4.02.6 Heterogeneous Nucleation above the Membrane Surface 4.02.7 Perspectives for Process Intensification 4.02.8 Other General Advantages of MCr Technology 4.02.9 Conclusions References 4.03 膜乳化技术 4.03.1 Definitions 4.03.2 Emulsions Production 4.03.3 Emulsion Manufacturing by ME Process 4.03.3.1 Dynamic ME 4.03.3.2 Static ME 4.03.4 Advances Needed in ME Process 4.03.5 O/W Emulsion 4.03.6 W/O Emulsion 4.03.7 Multiple Emulsions 4.03.8 Particles Production 4.03.9 Patents in ME 4.03.9.1 ME in Food Industry 4.03.9.2 ME in Other Fields 4.03.9.3 Improvements on Plant and Devices 4.03.9.4 Worldwide Applications of ME 4.03.10 Conclusions and Perspectives References 4.04 液膜 4.04.1 Introduction 4.04.1.1 Historical Development 4.04.1.2 Emulsion Liquid Membranes 4.04.1.3 Supported Liquid Membranes 4.04.1.4 SLMs with Strip Dispersion 4.04.2 Emulsion Liquid Membranes 4.04.2.1 General Description 4.04.2.1.1 Emulsion liquid membrane system 4.04.2.1.2 Type 1 facilitation 4.04.2.1.3 Type 2 facilitation 4.04.2.2 Theory 4.04.2.2.1 Diffusion-type mass transfer models for type 1 facilitation 4.04.2.2.2 Carrier-facilitated transport models for type 2 facilitation 4.04.2.3 Applications 4.04.2.3.1 Removal of zinc from wastewater in the viscose fiber industry 4.04.2.3.2 Removal of phenols 4.04.2.3.3 Cyanide removal 4.04.2.3.4 Recovery of nickel from electroplating solutions 4.04.2.3.5 Wastewater treatment 4.04.2.3.6 Biochemical processing 4.04.2.3.7 Encapsulation applications-well control fluid and slow release of drugs 4.04.2.3.8 Other applications 4.04.3 Supported Liquid Membranes 4.04.3.1 General Description 4.04.3.1.1 Traditional supported liquid membranes 4.04.3.1.2 Facilitated transport mechanisms 4.04.3.2 Theory:Carrier-Facilitated Transport Models 4.04.3.3 Applications 4.04.3.3.1 Removal and recovery of metals 4.04.3.3.2 Removal and recovery of antibiotics and other biochemicals 4.04.3.3.3 Nuclear waste processing 4.04.3.3.4 Other applications 4.04.3.4 Stability Issue 4.04.4 Supported Liquid Membranes with Strip Dispersion 4.04.4.1 General Description 4.04.4.1.1 Supported liquid membrane with strip dispersion 4.04.4.1.2 Facilitated transport mechanisms 4.04.4.2 Theory 4.04.4.2.1 Carrier-facilitated transport models 4.04.4.2.2 Proton transfer and its influence on feed-side pH 4.04.4.3 Applications 4.04.4.3.1 Chromium removal and recovery 4.04.4.3.2 Copper removal and recovery 4.04.4.3.3 Zinc removal and recovery 4.04.4.3.4 Cobalt removal and recovery 4.04.4.3.5 Strontium removal 4.04.4.3.6 Antibiotic removal and recovery 4.04.4.3.7 Other applications 4.04.5 Concluding Remarks/Future Developments References 各种工业部门中的集成膜技术:实例 4.05 各种工业部门中的集成膜技术 4.05.1 Membrane-Based Integrated Systems and Hybrid Processes 4.05.1.1 Membranes with Conventional Unit Processes 4.05.1.2 Membrane Contactors 4.05.1.3 Membrane with Aggregation Processes 4.05.1.4 Membrane Reactors 4.05.2 Industrial Importance of Integrated Membrane Operations 4.05.2.1 Textile Industry 4.05.2.2 Tannery Industry 4.05.2.3 Pulp and Paper Industry 4.05.2.4 Metal Finishing Industry 4.05.2.5 Electronic Industry 4.05.2.6 Pharmaceutical Industry 4.05.2.7 Beverage Production 4.05.2.8 Fruit Juices and Pulps Production 4.05.2.9 Wine Production 4.05.2.10 Beer Production 4.05.2.11 Aroma Processing 4.05.2.12 Sugar Processing 4.05.2.13 Honey Processing 4.05.2.14 Vegetable Industry 4.05.2.15 Edible Oil Industry 4.05.2.16 Dairy Industry 4.05.2.17 Meat Industry 4.05.2.18 Sea-Products Industry References 4.06 食品和发酵工业中的膜技术基础及应用 4.06.1 Introduction 4.06.2 Membrane Processes in the Agro-Food and Bulk Biotech Industry 4.06.3 Applications of Membrane Processes in the Agro-Food Industry 4.06.3.1 Dairy Industry 4.06.3.1.1 Milk products 4.06.3.1.2 Whey processing 4.06.3.1.3 Cheese making 4.06.3.2 Beer and Wine 4.06.3.2.1 Beer 4.06.3.2.2 Wine 4.06.3.3 Fruit Juices 4.06.3.3.1 Apple juice 4.06.3.3.2 Orange juice 4.06.3.4 Food Additives 4.06.3.4.1 Animal blood plasma 4.06.3.4.2 Gelatine 4.06.3.4.3 Carrageenan and other seaweed extracts 4.06.3.4.4 Pectin 4.06.3.5 Beet and Cane Sugar Industry 4.06.3.5.1 Beet sugar 4.06.3.5.2 Cane sugar 4.06.3.5.3 Common membrane applications in the beet and cane sugar industry 4.06.3.6 Starch and Starch-Based Sweetener Industry 4.06.3.7 Corn Starch Production 4.06.3.7.1 Corn-based sweetener production 4.06.3.7.2 Other starch productions 4.06.3.8 Water and Wastewater in the Food Industry 4.06.4 Membrane Processes in the Bulk Biotech Industry 4.06.4.1 Antibiotics 4.06.4.2 Enzymes 4.06.4.3 Organic Acids 4.06.4.3.1 Citric acid 4.06.4.3.2 Lactic acid 4.06.4.4 Amino Acids 4.06.4.4.1 Lysine 4.06.4.4.2 Glutamic acid 4.06.4.5 Vitamins 4.06.4.5.1 Vitamin C 4.06.4.6 Biopolymers 4.06.4.6.1 Xanthan 4.06.4.7 Water and Wastewater in the Bulk Biotech Industry 4.06.5 Outlook References 4.07 水处理过程中的膜生物反应器 4.07.1 Fundamentals of Membrane Bioreactor 4.07.1.1 Definition of Membrane Bioreactor 4.07.1.2 Configurations of MBR 4.07.1.3 Characteristics of MBR 4.07.2 Design and Operation of Membrane Bioreactor 4.07.2.1 Design of Membrane Bioreactor 4.07.2.1.1 The design of bioreactor 4.07.2.1.2 Membrane module selection and design 4.07.2.1.3 Aeration system design 4.07.2.2 Operation of Membrane Bioreactor 4.07.3 Performance of MBR 4.07.3.1 MBR for Municipal and Domestic Wastewater Treatment 4.07.3.1.1 Organic matter,SS,and other pollutants 4.07.3.1.2 Nitrogen transformation 4.07.3.1.3 Phosphorus removal 4.07.3.2 MBR for Industrial Wastewater Treatment 4.07.3.3 MBR for Drinking Water Treatment 4.07.3.3.1 Organic carbon and nitrogen 4.07.3.3.2 Micro-pollutants 4.07.4 Cause and Control of Membrane Fouling 4.07.4.1 Fouling Cause of MBR 4.07.4.1.1 Mechanism of membrane fouling 4.07.4.1.2 Species of membrane foulants 4.07.4.2 Fouling Control of MBR 4.07.4.2.1 Pretreatment of feedwater 4.07.4.2.2 Modification of biomass characteristics 4.07.4.2.3 Optimization of operational conditions 4.07.4.2.4 Exploration of new membrane materials 4.07.5 Models of MBRs 4.07.5.1 Organics Removal Model 4.07.5.2 Biomass Kinetics Models 4.07.5.3 Membrane Fouling Models 4.07.5.4 Integrated Models 4.07.6 Further Challenges of Membrane Bioreactor References 4.08 膜技术:石油炼制和石油化学工业中的最新应用 4.08.1 Introduction 4.08.2 Membrane Gas Separation in the Petrochemical Field 4.08.2.1 Nitrogen Production in Oil-and-Gas Industry 4.08.2.2 Hydrogen Recovery in Refineries 4.08.2.3 Natural Gas Sweetening 4.08.2.4 Natural Gas Treatment-N_2 Removal 4.08.2.5 Enhanced Oil Recovery by Means of CO_2 4.08.2.6 Materials for CO_2 Membrane GS 4.08.2.7 Monomer Recovery in Polyolefin Production 4.08.3 Pervaporation Processes 4.08.4 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration 4.08.5 Membrane Contactors 4.08.6 Membrane Reactors 4.08.7 Pressure-Driven and Integrated Membrane Processes for Wastewater Treatment 4.08.7.1 Pressure-Driven Membrane Operations 4.08.7.2 Integrated Membrane Systems for Wastewater Treatment 4.08.7.3 Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment 4.08.7.4 Membrane Treatment of Produced Water from Oil and Gas Wells 4.08.7.4.1 Membrane filtration for treating produced water 4.08.7.4.2 Inorganic membranes for treating produced water 4.08.7.4.3 Integrated membrane systems for treating produced water 4.08.8 Technical Issues to Be Addressed 4.08.9 Membrane Integrated Systems in Refineries 4.08.10 Conclusions References 4.09 用于海水和苦咸水淡化的膜系统 4.09.1 Introduction 4.09.2 Worldwide Water Situation 4.09.3 Sea/Brackish Water Desalination 4.09.4 Desalination Technologies:An Overview 4.09.4.1 Electrodialysis 4.09.4.2 Reverse Osmosis 4.09.4.2.1 RO:Technical description 4.09.4.3 MF,UF,and NF:Pressure-Driven Membrane Operations for Water Desalination 4.09.4.4 Integrated Membrane-Based Desalination System 4.09.5 Conclusions References 总索引