序(Preface) 王初明 Acknowledgements Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction to Nominal Constructions beyond IP 1.0 Preliminaries 1.1 Contents of Chapter 1 1.2 Defining Nominal Constructions beyond IP 1.3 Beyond-IP nominal constructions in Chinese and English:A comparative study 1.3.1 Core and marginal 1.3.2 Legal and illegal 1.3.3 Two typological features 1.3.4 Topics and beyond-IP nominal constructions 1.3.5 Left dislocation 1.3.6 Nominal wh-words and auxiliary inversion 1.4 Why should we discuss different beyond-IP nominal constructions together? Chapter 2 Previous Research on Different Nominal Constructions beyond IP 2.0 Introduction 2.1 A general review of the previous studies on topics in English and Chinese 2.2 Movement,merger,and dislocation 2.3 Accusative subject or scrambled object? 2.4 A general review of the previous studies on wh-movement 2.5 Operator movement with or without auxiliary inversion 2.6 Summary Chapter 3 Beyond-IP Nominal Constructions and Second Language Acquisition 3.0 Introduction 3.1 L2 acquisition and L1 transfer 3.1.1 Defining SLA 3.1.2 A“feel”for correctness 3.1.3 L1 transfer and L1 perception 3.1.4 Role of UG 3.2 Previous SLA studies related to beyond-IP nominal constructions 3.2.1 Asymmetric transfer of the L1-Chinese topic-comment mentality 3.2.2 Asymmetry in acquiring/unlearning the base-generated topics of Chinese between L1-English and L1-Chinese learners 3.2.3 Asymmetry between the unlearning of the Chinese head-drop constructions and the removal of their underlying mentality 3.3 Reflections on initial L1 unlearning 3.4 Martohardjono’s discovery 3.5 Basic Variety 3.5.1 Klein’s learner variety perspective 3.5.2 Exploring rules of the Basic Variety 3.5.3 Evidence from the Structure-Building Model 3.6 Summary Chapter 4 Conceptual Framework 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Exploring L1 transfer beyond IP 4.2 A pre-study observation 4.3 Delayed L1-transfer beyond IP 4.4 Three-Stage hypothesis 4.5 The realm beyond IP as a syntax-discourse interface 4.6 Initial restructuring to be explored 4.7 Rationale of the present study 4.8 Operationalization 4.9 Summary Chapter 5 Empirical Exploration 5.0 Introduction Part 1 5.1 Guideline 5.2 Linguistic material 5.3 Participants 5.4 Procedure 5.5 Results and discussion 5.5.1 Two striking tendencies 5.5.2 Evidence to the initial unlearning beyond IP 5.5.3 Focus-by-focus analysis 5.6 Summary of Part 1 5.7 Observational evidence in support of the conclusion of Part 1 Part 2 5.8 Guideline 5.9 Linguistic material 5.10 Participants 5.11 Procedure 5.12 Results and discussion 5.12.1 General analysis 5.12.2 Focus-by-focus analysis 5.12.3 Results of Additional Focus 2 5.13 Summary of Part 2 Chapter 6 General Discussion 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Nominal constructions beyond-IP in L2 learners’mind 6.1.1 How do the Chinese-speaking learners of English acquire the L2-specific beyond-IP nominal constructions? 6.1.2 How do the Chinese-speaking learners of English unlearn their L1-specific beyond-IP nominal constructions? 6.2 Rethinking the role of L1 in L2 acquisition 6.3 Structural restructuring into IP 6.4 Structural rebuilding beyond IP 6.5 The role of triggering data 6.6 L1 transfer at two levels 6.7 Mental competition between L1 and L2 6.8 Mental transition from L1 to L2 6.9 Problems for future research 6.10 Summary Notes References Appendices List of Tables 1-1 Features of different questions with wh-constructions 1-2 Comparison of Beyond-IP nominal constructions in Chinese and in English 3-1 Results of Martohardjono’s(1992)test 5-1 Mean scores and standard deviations of the judgments on the six focuses by the subjects of different groups 5-2 The One-way ANOVA of the mean scores of different levels between the control items and the experimental items of every Focus 5-3 Pair-wise comparison in Scheffe tests between the six groups in judging the items of Focus 1 5-4 Pair-wise comparison in Scheffe tests between the six groups in judging the items of Focus 2 5-5 Pair-wise comparison in Scheffe tests between the six groups in judging the items of Focus 3 5-6 Pair-wise comparison in Scheffe tests between the six groups in judging the items of Focus 4 5-7 Pair-wise comparison in Scheffe tests between the six groups in judging the items of Focus 5 5-8 Pair-wise comparison in Scheffe tests between the six groups in judging the items of Focus 6 5-9 Mean scores and standard deviations of the judgments on the context-involved items of Part 2(Focuses 1-6)by the subjects of Groups I and A and the NS control group 5-10 Pair-wise comparison in Scheffe tests between the mean scores of the Groups I,A,and NS for the context-free items and the context-involved items of each Focus 5-11 Pair-wise comparison in Scheffe tests between Groups I,A,and NS in judging the context-involved items of the 6 focuses 5-12 Mean scores and standard deviations of the judgements on the items of Additional Focus 2 by the subjects of I and A levels and the NS group 5-13 Pair-wise comparison in Scheffe tests between Levels I,A,and NS in judging the items of Additional Focus 2 List of Appendices A:Record of impromptu talk by Chinese-speaking English learners B:Questionnaire for the investigation among E1-E3 informants C:Questionnaire for native speakers of the control group 附:IP外名词性结构及其在第二语言习得中的初始重组 (转载自《现代外语》2003年第2期)