广州两汉时期的墓葬里出土了大量珠饰，材质丰富，形状多样，色彩斑斓。这些珠饰除了本土制造以外，有些在制作工艺上吸收了海外元素，有的直接属于舶来品。本书全面梳理了广州地区汉代珠饰的出土情况，结合考古类型学与科技检测分析的综合研究成果，对广州出土汉代珠饰的源流进行探讨，阐述了珠饰在汉代海上丝绸之路贸易的重要地位，是一部全面系统研究区域性汉代珠饰的学术专著。
样章试读
目录
- 目录
第一章 绪论
第一节 国内外关于珠饰的发现与研究 002
一、国外珠饰的发现与研究 002
二、国内珠饰的发现与研究 003
三、广州汉代珠饰的发现与研究 004
第二节 研究对象、方法与基本内容 006
一、资料的收集 007
二、材质的认定 007
三、色泽的描述 008
四、形状的命名与描述 009
五、制作工艺的观察 011
六、科技检测手段的应用 011
七、统计分析与综合研究 012
八、小结 012
第二章 广州汉代珠饰出土情况
第一节 广州汉墓的发现与研究 014
一、广州汉墓的分期 015
二、广州汉墓的分布特点 015
第二节 广州汉墓出土珠饰情况 017
一、1953～1960年发掘的广州汉墓出土珠饰 017
1. 出土珠饰的墓葬分布情况 036
2. 墓葬形制与随葬器物反映的墓主身份 036
3. 出土位置反映的珠饰属性与墓主性别 038
4. 珠饰的种类与数量 039
二、南越王墓出土珠饰 040
三、1990～2001年发掘的番禺汉墓出土珠饰 046
1. 出土珠饰的墓葬情况047
2. 珠饰出土位置 047
3. 珠饰的种类与数量 047
四、 1970～2016年发掘的广州两汉墓葬出土珠饰 049
1. 西汉墓葬出土珠饰 096
2. 东汉墓葬出土珠饰 096
3. 两汉墓葬出土珠饰的对比 097
五、小结 097
第三章 珠饰的种类与形制（一）——人造材料珠饰
第一节 玻璃珠饰 100
一、颜色 100
二、器形 103
（一）玻璃珠 103
1. 圆形 105
（1）扁圆形 105
（2）短圆柱形 105
（3）球形 105
（4）环形 107
（5）圆板形 110
（6）凸镜形 110
2. 双锥形 110
（1）五方双锥形 110
（2）六方双锥形 110
（3）短六方双锥形 112
3. 扁平六方桶形 113
4. 榄形 113
5. 棱柱形 116
（1）四棱柱形 116
（2）五棱柱形 116
（3）六棱柱形 116
（4）七棱柱形 117
6. 管状 117
7. 十四面体 121
8. 算珠形 121
9. 瓜棱形 122
10. 贝形 124
11. 胜形 124
12. 系领形 125
13. 联珠形 125
14. 三角形 125
15. 不明 128
（二）玻璃耳珰 128
1. 穿孔耳珰 128
（1）腰鼓形 128
（2）喇叭形 128
（3）工字形 132
2. 无穿孔耳珰 132
（三）玻璃鼻塞 132
三、装饰 132
1. 蜻蜓眼 133
2. 马赛克珠 136
3. 条带纹珠 136
4. 夹银珠 137
5. 包金珠 137
第二节 费昂斯珠 141
一、颜色 141
二、形状 141
1. 扁圆形 141
2. 榄形 142
3. 多面体 142
4. 瓜棱形 143
5. 菠萝形 143
第三节 陶珠 147
第四节 金珠饰 148
一、金珠 148
1. 圆形 148
2. 算珠形 148
3. 胆形 149
4. 十二面焊珠空心球形149
二、金耳珰 149
第五节 银珠 153
第四章 珠饰的种类与形制（二）——天然材料珠饰
第一节 红玉髓珠饰 156
一、颜色及纹理 156
二、纹饰 156
三、器形 157
（一）红玉髓珠 157
1. 双锥形 157
（1）六方双锥形 160
（2）扁六方双锥形 160
（3）尖角六方双锥形 160
（4）短六方双锥形 160
（5）七方双锥形 160
（6）八方双锥形 160
（7）扁八方双锥形 163
（8）五方双锥形 163
（9）九方双锥形 163
2. 圆形 163
（1）标准圆形 163
（2）不规则圆形 163
3. 凸镜形 164
4. 榄形 164
5. 扁菱形 164
6. 圆柱形 164
7. 算珠形 167
8. 多面体 167
9. 胆形 167
10. 狮形 167
（二）耳珰 169
（三）原石 169
第二节 绿玉髓珠 171
1. 圆形 171
2. 凸镜形 171
3. 圆柱形 171
4. 算珠形 171
第三节 玛瑙珠 173
一、颜色和纹理 173
二、形状 173
1. 榄形 176
2. 胆形 177
3. 圆柱形 177
4. 扁鼓形 177
5. 三角形 177
6. 扁体五边形 180
7. 不明 180
第四节 水晶珠饰 180
一、颜色 180
二、器形 181
（一）水晶珠 181
1. 棱柱形 182
（1）四棱柱形及不规则四棱柱形 182
（2）五棱柱形及不规则五棱柱形 182
（3）六棱柱形及不规则六棱柱形 182
（4）扁平六棱柱形和不规则扁平六棱柱形 183
2. 双锥形 183
（1）六方双锥形 183
（2）扁平六方双锥形 183
（3）短六方双锥形 183
3. 扁菱形 186
4. 多面体 186
5. 算珠形 186
6. 圆形 186
7. 凸镜形 186
8. 榄形 188
9. 圆柱形 188
10. 系领形 188
11. 动物形 188
（二）水晶玦 188
（三）水晶锥 190
（四）水晶石 190
第五节 绿柱石珠 190
1. 不规则四棱柱形 191
2. 六棱柱形 191
3. 短六方双锥形 191
第六节 石榴石珠 193
1. 圆形或不规则圆形 193
2. 榄形 193
3. 系领形 195
第七节 绿松石珠 195
1. 扁鼓形 195
2. 不规则几何形 195
3. 形制不明 195
第八节 玉珠饰 196
（一）玉珠 196
1. 圆管形 196
2. 圆球形 197
3. 璧形 197
4. 圆板形 197
5. 榄形 198
6. 双胜形（扁壶形） 198
7. 长方体 198
8. 心形 198
9. 鸟形 198
（二）玉耳珰 198
（三）玉鼻塞 202
第九节 煤精珠 202
1. 圆板形 202
2. 圆形 203
3. 瓜棱形 203
第十节 琥珀珠 204
（一）琥珀珠 204
1. 椭圆形 204
（1）椭圆形及不规则椭圆形 204
（2）扁椭圆形及不规则扁椭圆形 204
2. 棱柱形 205
（1）棱柱形 205
（2）不规则棱柱形 205
3. 圆柱形 205
4. 六方双锥形 205
5. 双胜形 207
6. 圆墩形 207
7. 凸镜形 207
8. 不规则圆形 207
9. 圆环形 207
（二）动物形珠 210
1. 狮形珠 210
（1）具象形态的狮形珠 210
（2）意象形态的狮形珠 210
2. 蛙形珠 211
3. 其他动物形珠 211
（三）耳珰 211
1. 腰鼓形 211
2. 圆柱形 214
3. 喇叭形 214
第十一节 其他 214
第五章 珠饰的种类与形制（三）——小结
第一节 器形 218
一、耳珰 218
二、鼻塞 222
三、玦 222
四、胜形饰 222
五、串珠 223
1. 圆形 223
2. 扁圆形 223
3. 扁鼓形 223
4. 圆环形 223
5. 圆墩形 223
6. 璧形 224
7. 圆板形 224
8. 凸镜形 224
9. 椭圆形 224
10. 圆柱形 224
11. 棱柱形 224
12. 榄形 225
13. 算珠形 225
14. 双锥形 225
15. 扁六方桶形 225
16. 长方体 225
17. 扁菱形 226
18. 胆形 226
19. 瓜棱形 226
20. 菠萝形 226
21. 系领形 226
22. 多面体 226
23. 心形 227
24. 三角形 227
25. 扁体五边形 227
26. 十二面焊珠空心球形 227
27. 贝形 227
28. 联珠形 227
29. 不规则几何形 228
30. 动物形 228
第二节 制作工艺 228
一、成型 228
二、装饰 229
1. 蚀花 229
2. 刻划 230
3. 戳印 230
4. 条带装饰 230
5. 镶嵌 230
6. 装金、银珠 231
7. 焊珠 231
三、穿孔 232
（一）穿孔的部位 232
（二）穿孔的方式 232
第六章 广州出土汉代珠饰的科技分析
第一节 样品信息 234
第二节 实验方法 234
一、能量色散型X射线荧光光谱分析技术（XRF） 235
二、激光拉曼光谱分析技术（LRS） 235
三、光学相干层析成像技术（OCT） 236
四、光学显微技术（OM） 236
第三节 结果与讨论 237
一、化学成分与物相结构 237
（一）玻璃器 237
1. 钾玻璃 238
2. 钠铝玻璃 239
3. 钠钙玻璃 241
4. 铅钡玻璃 241
5. 钾铅玻璃 242
6. 混合碱玻璃 242
7. 铅玻璃 242
8. 费昂斯 242
（二）玻璃器着色剂/乳浊剂 244
（三）宝玉石器 247
1. 石英质矿物类 247
2. 石榴石类 249
3. 绿柱石 249
4. 有机宝石类——琥珀、煤精 250
（四）金饰 252
二、断层物理结构 252
（一）玻璃器 252
1. 分段夹银珠 252
2. 条带纹珠 253
3. 瓜棱形珠 253
4. 印度–太平洋拉制珠 253
5. 多面体珠 253
6. 耳珰 256
7. 蜻蜓眼珠 256
8. 费昂斯珠 257
（二）宝玉石器 257
1. 水晶玛瑙类 257
2. 石榴石类 258
3. 绿柱石 259
4. 琥珀 259
三、加工微痕及制作工艺 260
（一）玻璃器 260
（二）宝玉石器 264
第四节 小结 271
第七章 广州出土汉代珠饰的来源探讨
第一节 从玻璃的化学成分分析 274
一、铅钡玻璃与铅玻璃 275
二、钠钙玻璃 275
三、钾玻璃 276
四、钠铝玻璃 278
五、混合碱玻璃与钾铅玻璃 279
六、费昂斯 279
第二节 从矿物产区与珠饰制作传统分析 280
一、中国传统玉石珠饰的制作 280
1. 玉 280
2. 绿松石 282
3. 煤精 282
4. 琥珀 283
5. 水晶 284
6. 玉髓 285
二、南亚宝石与珠饰制作中心 285
三、东南亚珠饰的制作 286
四、西亚及地中海沿岸的黄金制作传统 287
第三节 从器形风格分析 288
一、蚀花红玉髓珠 288
二、系领珠 292
三、狮形珠 292
四、蜻蜓眼玻璃珠 294
五、马赛克玻璃珠 297
六、装金、夹银玻璃珠 298
七、条带纹玻璃珠 299
八、瓜棱形珠与菠萝形珠 300
九、多面焊珠空心金花球 300
十、耳珰 302
十一、胜形饰 304
十二、其他 307
第四节 结论 308
第八章 汉代广州与海上丝绸之路
第一节 海上丝绸之路的萌发 312
第二节 外来珠饰——海上丝绸之路兴起的见证 314
第三节 广州发现汉代海上丝绸之路的其他物证 316
一、海上交通工具——船舶 316
二、贸易物品——玻璃器、香料 317
三、人员往来——托灯胡人俑 318
附表
附表一 1953～1960年广州两汉墓葬出土珠饰一览表 319
附表二 1983年西汉南越王墓出土珠饰一览表 331
附表三 1993～2001年番禺汉墓出土珠饰一览表 332
附表四 1970～2016年广州两汉墓葬出土珠饰一览表 334
附表五 广州出土汉代玻璃珠饰化学成分分析结果 385
附表六 广州出土汉代宝玉石珠饰化学成分分析结果（wt%） 395
附表七 广州出土汉代琥珀质珠饰化学成分半定量分析结果（wt%） 395
附表八 广州出土汉代金质珠饰化学成分分析结果（wt%） 395
附表九 广州出土汉代玻璃珠着色剂/乳浊剂物相结构信息表 396
附表十 广州出土汉代宝玉石珠饰物相结构信息表 397
附表十一 广州出土汉代珠饰加工痕迹显微图像 399
后记 409
Contents
Abstract 411
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Discoveries and researches of beads and pendants at home and abroad 002
1.1.1 Studies on beads and pendants abroad 002
1.1.2 Studies on beads and pendants at home 003
1.1.3 Beads and pendants from tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou 004
1.2 Samples, methods and main contents 006
1.2.1 Collection of literatures and materials 007
1.2.2 Material identification 007
1.2.3 Color descriptions 008
1.2.4 Nomenclature and description of the shapes 009
1.2.5 Observation of manufacturing process 011
1.2.6 Application of technical methods 011
1.2.7 Statistical analysis and integrated study 012
1.2.8 Summary 012
Chapter 2 Beads and Pendants Excavated from Tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou
2.1 Discovery and study of tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou 014
2.1.1 Chronology of tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou 015
2.1.2 Distribution of tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou 015
2.2 Beads and pendants excavated from tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou 017
2.2.1 Beads and pendants excavated from tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou from 1953 to 1960 017
i. Distribution of tombs unearthed with beads 036
ii. Tomb owner identity reflected by layout and structure of the tombs and funeral objects 036
iii. Bead property and tomb owner’s gender reflected by the positions of beads and pendants 038
iv. Types and quantity of beads and pendants 039
2.2.2 Beads and pendants excavated from the Mausoleum of Nanyue(南越) King 040
2.2.3 Beads and pendants unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasties in Panyu(番禺) during 1990 to 2001 046
i. Introduction of tombs unearthed with beads 047
ii. Positions of beads and pendants in the tombs 047
iii. Types and quantity of beads and pendants 047
2.2.4 Beads and pendants excavated in tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou during excavation from 1970 to 2016 049
i. Beads and pendants excavated in tombs of Western Han Dynasty 096
ii. Beads and pendants excavated in tombs of Eastern Han Dynasty 096
iii. Comparison of beads and pendants excavated of Han Dynasties 097
2.2.5 Summary 097
Chapter 3 Types and Shapes of Beads and Pendants (I): Artificial Materials
3.1 Glass beads and pendants 100
3.1.1 Colors 100
3.1.2 Shapes 103
Ⅰ Glass beads 103
i. Circular 105
a. Barrel disc 105
b. Short cylinder 105
c. Spherical 105
d. Annular 107
e. Round tabular 110
f. Lenticular 110
ii. Bicone 110
a. Pentagonal bicone 110
b. Hexagonal bicone 110
c. Hexagonal truncated bicone 112
iii. Flat hexagonal barrel 113
iv. Olivary 113
v. Prism 116
a. Quadrangular prism 116
b. Pentagonal prism 116
c. Hexagonal prism 116
d. Heptagonal prism 117
vi. Tube 117
vii. Cornerless cube 121
viii. Saucer-shaped 121
ix. Melon 122
x. Shell-shaped 124
xi. Sheng(胜) -shaped 124
xii. Collar 125
xiii. Segmented 125
xiv. Triangular 125
xv. Uncertain 128
Ⅱ Glass ear pendants 128
i. Ear pendants with perforation 128
a. Concave cylinder 128
b. Suona(唢呐)-shaped 128
c. I-shaped 132
ii. Ear pendants without perforation 132
Ⅲ Glass nose stopple 132
3.1.3 Decorations132
i. Eye beads 133
ii. Mosaic beads 136
iii. Banded beads 136
iv. Silver-glass beads 137
v. Gold-glass beads 137
3.2 Faience 141
3.2.1 Colors 141
3.2.2 Shapes 141
i. Annular 141
ii. Olivary 142
iii. Multifaceted 142
iv. Melon 143
v. Fluted 143
3.3 Pottery beads 147
3.4 Gold beads and pendants 148
3.4.1 Gold beads 148
i. Spherical 148
ii. Saucer-shaped 148
iii. Drop-shaped 149
iv. Multifaceted granulation gold beads 149
3.4.2 Gold ear pendants 149
3.5 Silver beads 153
Chapter 4 Types and Shapes of Beads and Pendants (II): Natural Materials
4.1 Carnelian beads and pendants 156
4.1.1 Colors and textures 156
4.1.2 Decorations156
4.1.3 Shapes 157
Ⅰ Carnelian beads 157
i. Bicone 157
a. Hexagonal bicone 160
b. Flat Hexagonal bicone 160
c. Hexagonal bicone with sharp corners 160
d. Hexagonal truncated bicone 160
e. Heptagon bicone 160
f. Octagon bicone 160
g. Flat octagon bicone 163
h. Pentagon bicone 163
i. Enneagon bicone 163
ii. Spherical 163
a. Standard spherical 163
b. Irregular spherical 163
iii. Lenticular164
iv. Olivary 164
v. Flat diamond shape 164
vi. Cylinder 164
vii. Saucer-shaped 167
viii. Multifaceted 167
ix. Drop-shaped 167
x. Lion-shaped 167
Ⅱ Ear pendants 169
Ⅲ Raw materials 169
4.2 Chrysoprase beads 171
i. Spherical 171
ii. Lenticular171
iii. Cylinder 171
iv. Saucer-shaped 171
4.3 Agate beads 173
4.3.1 Colors and texture 173
4.3.2 Shapes 173
i. Olivary 176
ii. Drop-shaped 177
iii. Cylinder 177
iv. Short barrel 177
v. Triangular 177
vi. Flat pentagon 180
vii. Uncertain 180
4.4 Crystal beads and pendants 180
4.4.1 Colors 180
4.4.2 Shapes 181
i Crystal beads 181
i. Prism 182
a. Regular and irregular quadrangular prism.182
b. Regular and irregular pentagonal prism 182
c. Regular and irregular hexagonal prism 182
d. Regular and irregular flat hexagonal prism 183
ii. Bicone 183
a. Hexagonal bicone 183
b. Flat hexagonal bicone 183
c. Hexagonal truncated bicone 183
iii. Flat diamond shape 186
iv. Multifaceted 186
v. Saucer-shaped 186
vi. Spherical 186
vii. Lenticular186
viii. Olivary 188
ix. Cylinder 188
x. Collar 188
xi. Animal-shaped 188
Ⅱ Crystal Jue(玦) 188
Ⅲ Crystal cone 190
Ⅳ Crystal stones 190
4.5 Beryl beads 190
i. Irregular quadrangular prism 191
ii. Hexagonal prism 191
iii. Hexagonal truncated bicone 191
4.6 Garnet beads 193
i. Regular and irregular spherical 193
ii. Olivary 193
iii. Collar 195
4.7 Turquoise beads 195
i. Short barrel 195
ii. Irregular geometrical shape 195
iii. Uncertain 195
4.8 Jade beads and pendants 196
i Jade beads 196
i. Tube 196
ii. Spherical 197
iii. Bi(璧) 197
iv. Round tabular 197
v. Olivary 198
vi. Double-Sheng-shaped 198
vii. Cuboid 198
viii. Heart-shaped 198
ix. Bird-shaped 198
Ⅱ Jade ear pendants 198
Ⅲ Jade nose stopple 202
4.9 Jet Beads 202
i. Round tabular 202
ii. Spherical 203
iii. Melon 203
4.10 Amber beads and pendants 204
Ⅰ Amber beads204
i. Ellipse 204
a. Regular and irregular ellipse 204
b. Regular and irregular flat ellipse 204
ii. Prism 205
a. Prism 205
b. Irregular prism 205
iii. Cylindrical 205
iv. Hexagonal bicone 205
v. Double-Sheng-shaped 207
vi. Convex cone 207
vii. Lenticular207
viii. Irregular spherical 207
ix. Annular 207
Ⅱ Animal-shaped beads 210
i. Lion-shaped 210
a. Specific 210
b. Nonfigurative 210
ii. Frag-shaped 211
iii. Other animal shapes 211
Ⅲ Ear pendants 211
i. Concave cylinder 211
ii. Cylinder 214
iii. Suona-shaped 214
4.11 Other beads 214
Chapter 5 Types and Shapes of Beads and Pendants (III): Summary
5.1 Shapes 218
5.1.1 Ear pendants 218
5.1.2 Nose stopple 222
5.1.3 Jue(玦) 222
5.1.4 Sheng-shaped 222
5.1.5 Beads 223
i. Spherical 223
ii. Oblate 223
iii. Short barrel 223
iv. Annular 223
v. Convex cone 223
vi. Bi 224
vii. Tabular 224
viii. Lenticular224
ix. Ellipse 224
x. Cylindrical 224
xi. Prism 224
xii. Olivary 225
xiii. Short biconical 225
xiv. Biconical 225
xv. Flat hexagonal barrel 225
xvi. Cuboid 225
xvii. Flat diamond shape 226
xviii. Drop pendants 226
xix. Melon 226
xx. Fluted 226
xxi. Collar 226
xxii. Multifaceted.226
xxiii. Heart-shaped 227
xxiv. Triangular 227
xxv. Flat pentagon 227
xxvi. Multifaceted granulation beads 227
xxvii. Shell-shaped 227
xxviii. Segmented beads 227
xxix. Irregular geometrical shape 228
xxx. Animal-shaped 228
5.2 Manufacturing process 228
5.2.1 Forming 228
5.2.2 Decorations229
i. Etched 229
ii. Carved 230
iii. Stamped 230
iv. Banded 230
v. Inlay 230
vi. Gold/Silver-glass 231
vii. Granulation 231
5.2.3 Perforation 232
i. Positions of perforation 232
ii. Types of perforation 232
Chapter 6 Scientific Analysis of Beads and Pendants of Han Dynasties Unearthed from Guangzhou
6.1 Sample information 234
6.2 Methods 234
6.2.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) 235
6.2.2 Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS) 235
6.2.3 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 236
6.2.4 Optical microscopy 236
6.3 Results and discussions 237
6.3.1 Chemical and phase analysis 237
Ⅰ Glass samples 237
i. Potash glass 238
ii. Soda-alumina glass 239
iii. Soda-lime glass 241
iv. Lead-barium glass 241
v. Potash-lead glass 242
vi. Mixed alkali glass 242
vii. Lead glass 242
viii. Faience 242
Ⅱ Colorants/opacifier of glass 244
Ⅲ Gemstones 247
i. Quartz family minerals 247
ii. Garnet 249
iii. Beryl 249
iv. Organic gems: amber, jet 250
v. Gold 252
6.3.2 Cross-section physical structures 252
Ⅰ Glass samples 252
i. Segmented silver-glass beads 252
ii. Banded beads 253
iii. Melon beads 253
iv. Indo-Pacific drawn beads 253
v. Multifaceted beads 253
vi. Ear pendants 256
vii. Compound eye beads 256
viii. Faience beads257
Ⅱ Gemstones 257
i. Crystal/agate beads 257
ii. Garnet beads 258
iii. Beryl beads 259
iv. Amber beads 259
6.3.3 Micro-scratches and manufacturing process 260
Ⅰ Glass 260
Ⅱ Gemstones 264
6.4 Summary 271
Chapter 7 Origins of Beads and Pendants of Han Dynasties Unearthed from Guangzhou
7.1 Origins analysis based on chemical compositions of glass beads 274
7.1.1 Lead-barium glass and lead glass 275
7.1.2 Soda-lime glass 275
7.1.3 Potash glass 276
7.1.4 Soda-alumina glass 278
7.1.5 Mixed alkali glass and potash-lead glass 279
7.1.6 Faience 279
7.2 Origins analysis based on mineral resources and craftsmanship tradition 280
7.2.1 Chinese traditional beads 280
i. Jade 280
ii. Turquoise 282
iii. Jet 282
iv. Amber 283
v. Crystal 284
vi. Chalcedony 285
7.2.2 Making center of gem stones beads in Southern Asia 285
7.2.3 Bead making in Southeastern Asia 286
7.2.4 Gold beads making in Western Asia and Mediterranean region 287
7.3 Origins analysis according to bead styles 288
7.3.1 Etched carnelian beads 288
7.3.2 Collar beads 292
7.3.3 Lion-shaped beads 292
7.3.4 Compound eye beads 294
7.3.5 Mosaic beads 297
7.3.6 Gold/silver-glass beads 298
7.3.7 Banded glass beads 299
7.3.8 Melon and fluted beads 300
7.3.9 Multifaceted granulation beads 300
7.3.10 Ear pendants 302
7.3.11 Sheng-shaped beads 304
7.3.12 Others 307
7.4 Summary 308
Chapter 8 Guangzhou and Maritime Silk Road during Han Dynasties
8.1 The origin of Maritime Silk Road 312
8.2 Foreign beads: Witness to the rise of the Maritime Silk Road 314
8.3 Other evidence of Han Dynasties’ Maritime Silk Road found in Guangzhou 316
8.3.1 Maritime vehicle: Ships 316
8.3.2 Trade goods: Glass, spice 317
8.3.3 Personnel movement: Ceramic Hu figurine lamp 318
List of attached tables
Table 1 List of beads and pendants unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou from 1953 to 1960 319
Table 2 List of beads and pendants unearthed from the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum of the Nanyue King in 1983 331
Table 3 List of beads and pendants unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasties in Panyu during 1973–2001 332
Table 4 List of beads and pendants unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou during 1970–2016 334
Table 5 Chemical compositions (wt%) of glass beads of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 385
Table 6 Chemical compositions (wt%) of gem and jade beads of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 395
Table 7 Semi-quantitative analysis results (wt%) of amber beads of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 395
Table 8 Chemical compositions (wt%) of gold beads of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 395
Table 9 Phase information of coloring agents and opacifiers in the glass beads of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 396
Table 10 Phase information of gem and jade beads and pendants of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 397
Table 11 Images of processing micro-scratches of beads and pendants of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 399
Postscripts 409
Abstract 411
插图目录
图1.1 培克对珠饰各部位的命名示意 010
图1.2 夏鼐对珠孔形态所做的九种划分 011
图2.1 广州旧地形及汉墓分布略图 016
图2.2 《广州汉墓》西汉前期珠饰 024
图2.3 《广州汉墓》西汉中期珠饰 025
图2.4 《广州汉墓》西汉后期珠饰 026
图2.5 《广州汉墓》西汉后期珠饰 027
图2.6 《广州汉墓》西汉后期珠饰 028
图2.7 《广州汉墓》东汉前期珠饰 029
图2.8 《广州汉墓》东汉前期珠饰 030
图2.9 《广州汉墓》东汉前期珠饰 031
图2.10 《广州汉墓》东汉前期珠饰 032
图2.11 《广州汉墓》东汉后期珠饰 033
图2.12 《广州汉墓》东汉后期珠饰 034
图2.13 《广州汉墓》东汉后期珠饰 035
图2.14 《广州汉墓》出土珠饰墓葬分期柱状图 036
图2.15 南越王墓出土玻璃贝 041
图2.16 南越王墓出土的玻璃珠 042
图2.17 南越王墓出土金珠、玉珠、煤精珠 044
图2.18 南越王墓出土的蜻蜓眼玻璃珠 045
图2.19 南越王墓出土鼻塞 045
图2.20 《番禺汉墓》东汉后期珠饰 048
图2.21 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉前期珠饰 063
图2.22 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 064
图2.23 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 065
图2.24 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 066
图2.25 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 067
图2.26 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 068
图2.27 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 069
图2.28 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 070
图2.29 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 071
图2.30 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 072
图2.31 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 073
图2.32 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 074
图2.33 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 075
图2.34 广州市文物考古研究院藏西汉中后期珠饰 076
图2.35 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 077
图2.36 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 078
图2.37 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 079
图2.38 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 080
图2.39 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 081
图2.40 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 082
图2.41 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 083
图2.42 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 084
图2.43 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 085
图2.44 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 086
图2.45 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 087
图2.46 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 088
图2.47 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 089
图2.48 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 090
图2.49 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 091
图2.50 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 092
图2.51 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 093
图2.52 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 094
图2.53 广州市文物考古研究院藏东汉珠饰 095
图3.1 各种颜色的玻璃珠 101
图3.2 各种透明度的玻璃珠 102
图3.3 玻璃珠的形状 104
图3.4 扁圆形玻璃珠 106
图3.5 短圆柱形玻璃珠 106
图3.6 圆形玻璃珠 109
图3.7 环形玻璃珠 111
图3.8 圆板形玻璃珠 111
图3.9 凸镜形玻璃珠 111
图3.10 五方双锥形玻璃珠 111
图3.11 六方双锥形玻璃珠 114
图3.12 短六方双锥形玻璃珠 114
图3.13 扁平六方桶形玻璃珠 115
图3.14 榄形玻璃珠 115
图3.15 棱柱形玻璃珠 118
图3.16 不规则四棱柱形玻璃珠 118
图3.17 五棱柱形玻璃珠 118
图3.18 六棱柱形玻璃珠 119
图3.19 七棱柱形玻璃珠 120
图3.20 管状玻璃珠 120
图3.21 十四面体玻璃珠 123
图3.22 算珠形玻璃珠 123
图3.23 瓜棱形玻璃珠 126
图3.24 贝形玻璃珠 126
图3.25 胜形玻璃珠 127
图3.26 系领形玻璃珠 127
图3.27 联珠形玻璃珠 127
图3.28 玻璃耳珰与鼻塞 129
图3.29 腰鼓形玻璃耳珰 130
图3.30 喇叭形玻璃耳珰 131
图3.31 工字形玻璃耳珰 134
图3.32 无穿孔玻璃耳珰 134
图3.33 玻璃鼻塞 134
图3.34 蜻蜓眼玻璃珠 135
图3.35 蜻蜓眼玻璃珠 135
图3.36 蜻蜓眼玻璃珠 135
图3.37 蜻蜓眼玻璃珠 138
图3.38 短柱形马赛克玻璃珠 138
图3.39 马赛克玻璃珠 139
图3.40 三角形马赛克玻璃珠 139
图3.41 三角形缠丝玛瑙 139
图3.42 横条带纹玻璃珠 140
图3.43 竖条带纹玻璃珠 140
图3.44 夹银玻璃珠 140
图3.45 包金玻璃珠 140
图3.46 扁圆形费昂斯珠 144
图3.47 榄形费昂斯珠 144
图3.48 多面体费昂斯珠 145
图3.49 瓜棱形费昂斯珠 146
图3.50 菠萝形费昂斯珠 146
图3.51 算珠形陶珠 147
图3.52 戳印纹算珠形陶珠 147
图3.53 圆形金珠 150
图3.54 刻划纹圆形金珠 150
图3.55 算珠形金珠 150
图3.56 胆形金珠 150
图3.57 十二面焊珠空心球形金珠 151
图3.58 金耳珰 151
图3.59 焊珠金耳珰 152
图3.60 胆形银珠 154
图4.1 黑斑红玉髓珠 158
图4.2 被浸染的红玉髓珠 158
图4.3 黄绿色红玉髓珠 158
图4.4 白带纹红玉髓珠 158
图4.5 白斑纹红玉髓珠 158
图4.6 蚀花红玉髓珠 158
图4.7 蚀花红玉髓珠 158
图4.8 蚀花红玉髓珠 158
图4.9 红玉髓珠饰 159
图4.10 六方双锥形红玉髓珠 161
图4.11 六方双锥形红玉髓珠 161
图4.12 扁六方双锥形红玉髓珠 161
图4.13 扁六方双锥形红玉髓珠 161
图4.14 尖角六方双锥形红玉髓珠 161
图4.15 短六方双锥形红玉髓珠 162
图4.16 短六方双锥形红玉髓珠 162
图4.17 七方双锥形红玉髓珠 162
图4.18 七方双锥形红玉髓珠 162
图4.19 八方双锥形红玉髓珠 162
图4.20 八方双锥形红玉髓珠 162
图4.21 扁八方双锥形红玉髓珠 165
图4.22 扁八方双锥形红玉髓珠 165
图4.23 五方双锥形红玉髓珠 165
图4.24 九方双锥形红玉髓珠 165
图4.25 圆球形红玉髓珠 165
图4.26 圆球形红玉髓珠 165
图4.27 圆球形红玉髓珠 165
图4.28 圆球形红玉髓珠 165
图4.29 不规则圆形红玉髓珠 166
图4.30 不规则圆形红玉髓珠 166
图4.31 不规则圆形红玉髓珠 166
图4.32 凸镜形红玉髓珠 166
图4.33 榄形红玉髓珠 166
图4.34 榄形红玉髓珠 166
图4.35 扁菱形红玉髓珠 166
图4.36 扁菱形红玉髓珠 166
图4.37 圆柱形红玉髓珠 168
图4.38 不规则圆柱形红玉髓珠 168
图4.39 算珠形红玉髓珠 168
图4.40 算珠形红玉髓珠 168
图4.41 十四面体红玉髓珠 168
图4.42 二十二面体红玉髓珠 168
图4.43 二十二面体红玉髓珠 168
图4.44 胆形红玉髓珠 168
图4.45 狮形红玉髓珠饰 168
图4.46 狮形红玉髓珠饰 168
图4.47 腰鼓形红玉髓耳珰 169
图4.48 腰鼓形红玉髓耳珰 169
图4.49 腰鼓形红玉髓耳珰 169
图4.50 腰鼓形红玉髓耳珰 170
图4.51 腰鼓形红玉髓耳珰 170
图4.52 腰鼓形红玉髓耳珰 170
图4.53 腰鼓形红玉髓耳珰 170
图4.54 腰鼓形红玉髓耳珰 170
图4.55 红玉髓耳珰底面 170
图4.56 红玉髓原石 170
图4.57 圆形绿玉髓珠 172
图4.58 凸镜形绿玉髓珠 172
图4.59 圆柱形绿玉髓珠 172
图4.60 算珠形绿玉髓珠 172
图4.61 白色暗纹玛瑙珠 174
图4.62 白色暗纹玛瑙珠 174
图4.63 棕色、黑色间白条带玛瑙珠 174
图4.64 褐色间黑色、白色条带纹玛瑙珠 174
图4.65 茶色间白条带纹玛瑙珠 174
图4.66 棕红色间白条带纹玛瑙珠 174
图4.67 褐色、黑色间白条带纹玛瑙珠 174
图4.68 珠体内的细密纹理 174
图4.69 灰褐色间白条带纹玛瑙珠 174
图4.70 灰色、褐色间白条带纹玛瑙珠 175
图4.71 黄色间灰色条带纹玛瑙珠 175
图4.72 白色间褐色条带纹玛瑙珠 175
图4.73 灰色白斑纹玛瑙珠 175
图4.74 绿色白带纹玛瑙珠 175
图4.75 灰白相间条带纹玛瑙珠 175
图4.76 玛瑙珠饰 176
图4.77 榄形玛瑙珠 178
图4.78 榄形玛瑙珠 178
图4.79 榄形玛瑙珠 178
图4.80 榄形玛瑙珠 178
图4.81 胆形近榄形玛瑙珠 178
图4.82 胆形近榄形玛瑙珠 178
图4.83 胆形近榄形玛瑙珠 178
图4.84 圆柱形玛瑙珠 179
图4.85 圆柱形玛瑙珠 179
图4.86 圆柱形玛瑙珠 179
图4.87 扁鼓形玛瑙珠 179
图4.88 扁鼓形玛瑙珠 179
图4.89 扁鼓形玛瑙珠 179
图4.90 三角形玛瑙珠 179
图4.91 三角形马赛克玻璃珠 179
图4.92 扁体五边形玛瑙珠 179
图4.93 水晶珠饰 181
图4.94 四棱柱形水晶珠 184
图4.95 不规则四棱柱形水晶珠 184
图4.96 五棱柱形水晶珠 184
图4.97 不规则五棱柱形水晶珠 184
图4.98 六棱柱形水晶珠 184
图4.99 六棱柱形水晶珠 184
图4.100 扁平六棱柱形水晶珠 184
图4.101 六方双锥形水晶珠 184
图4.102 六方双锥形水晶珠 185
图4.103 短六方双锥形水晶珠 185
图4.104 短六方双锥形水晶珠 185
图4.105 扁菱形水晶珠 187
图4.106 多面体水晶珠 187
图4.107 算珠形水晶珠 187
图4.108 圆形水晶珠 187
图4.109 凸镜形水晶珠 187
图4.110 榄形水晶珠 187
图4.111 榄形水晶珠 187
图4.112 圆柱形水晶珠 189
图4.113 不规则圆柱形水晶珠 189
图4.114 系领形水晶珠 189
图4.115 龟形紫晶珠饰 189
图4.116 狮形黄晶珠饰 189
图4.117 水晶玦 189
图4.118 水晶锥 189
图4.119 不规则长方体原石 189
图4.120 不规则四棱柱形绿柱石珠 192
图4.121 不规则四棱柱形绿柱石珠 192
图4.122 不规则四棱柱形绿柱石珠 192
图4.123 不规则四棱柱形绿柱石珠 192
图4.124 不规则六棱柱形绿柱石珠 192
图4.125 规则六棱柱形绿柱石珠 192
图4.126 短六方双锥形绿柱石珠 192
图4.127 圆形石榴石珠 194
图4.128 不规则圆形石榴石珠 194
图4.129 圆形石榴石珠 194
图4.130 不规则圆形石榴石珠 194
图4.131 不规则圆形石榴石珠 194
图4.132 不规则圆形石榴石珠底端钻孔 194
图4.133 榄形石榴石珠 194
图4.134 系领形石榴石珠 194
图4.135 扁鼓形绿松石珠 196
图4.136 不规则三角形绿松石珠 196
图4.137 绿松石珠 196
图4.138 圆管形玉珠 199
图4.139 圆管形玉珠 199
图4.140 圆管形玉珠 199
图4.141 圆管形玉珠 199
图4.142 圆管形玉珠 199
图4.143 圆管形玉珠 199
图4.144 圆形玉珠 199
图4.145 圆形玉珠 199
图4.146 璧形玉珠 200
图4.147 圆板形玉珠 200
图4.148 榄形玉珠 200
图4.149 双胜形玉珠 201
图4.150 长方体玉珠 201
图4.151 鸟形玉珠 201
图4.152 玉耳珰 201
图4.153 八角柱形玉鼻塞 201
图4.154 八角柱形玻璃鼻塞 201
图4.155 圆板形煤精珠 203
图4.156 圆板形煤精珠 203
图4.157 圆形煤精珠 203
图4.158 瓜棱形煤精珠 203
图4.159 椭圆形琥珀珠 206
图4.160 不规则椭圆形琥珀珠 206
图4.161 扁椭圆形和不规则扁椭圆形琥珀珠 206
图4.162 扁椭圆形琥珀珠 206
图4.163 四棱柱形琥珀珠 206
图4.164 四棱柱形琥珀珠 206
图4.165 不规则四棱柱形琥珀珠 206
图4.166 不规则棱柱形琥珀珠 206
图4.167 圆柱形琥珀珠 208
图4.168 不规则圆柱形琥珀珠 208
图4.169 六方双锥形琥珀珠 208
图4.170 双胜形琥珀珠 208
图4.171 双胜形琥珀珠 208
图4.172 圆墩形琥珀珠 209
图4.173 凸镜形琥珀珠 209
图4.174 不规则圆形琥珀珠 209
图4.175 圆环形琥珀珠 209
图4.176 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.177 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.178 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.179 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.180 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.181 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.182 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.183 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.184 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.185 狮形琥珀珠 212
图4.186 蛙形琥珀珠 213
图4.187 蛙形琥珀珠 213
图4.188 动物形琥珀珠 213
图4.189 动物形琥珀珠 213
图4.190 动物形琥珀珠 213
图4.191 动物形琥珀珠 213
图4.192 动物形琥珀珠 213
图4.193 动物形琥珀珠 213
图4.194 腰鼓形琥珀耳珰 215
图4.195 腰鼓形琥珀耳珰 215
图4.196 圆柱形琥珀耳珰 215
图4.197 圆柱形琥珀耳珰 215
图4.198 喇叭形琥珀耳珰 215
图4.199 石坠饰 215
图6.1 广州出土汉代钾玻璃化学成分二维分布图 238
图6.2 玻璃管 240
图6.3 低钙高铝型钾玻璃典型样品照片 240
图6.4 中等钙铝型钾玻璃典型样品照片 240
图6.5 植物灰型钠铝玻璃典型样品照片 240
图6.6 矿物碱型钠铝玻璃典型样品照片 240
图6.7 泡碱型钠钙玻璃典型样品照片 243
图6.8 植物灰型钠钙玻璃典型样品 243
图6.9 铅钡玻璃典型样品照片 243
图6.10 钾铅玻璃典型样品照片 243
图6.11 混合碱玻璃典型样品照片 243
图6.12 费昂斯典型样品照片 243
图6.13 广州出土汉代玻璃测试样品成分体系柱状图 245
图6.14 锡酸铅、锑酸铅乳浊剂典型样品及其拉曼图谱 246
图6.15 铜红珠典型样品拉曼图谱 247
图6.16 条带纹珠 247
图6.17 典型石英质样品拉曼图谱 248
图6.18 铁铝榴石样品拉曼图谱 249
图6.19 海蓝宝石典型样品拉曼图谱 250
图6.20 广州出土汉代琥珀典型样品照片 251
图6.21 广州出土汉代琥珀化学成分定性分析图谱 251
图6.22 典型金饰样品 252
图6.23 分段夹银珠及其OCT图像 254
图6.24 条带纹珠OCT图像及测试区域示意图 254
图6.25 条带纹珠及其OCT图像 254
图6.26 瓜棱珠OCT图像 255
图6.27 印度–太平洋珠OCT图像 255
图6.28 多面体珠OCT图像 255
图6.29 玻璃耳珰样品OCT图像 256
图6.30 蜻蜓眼珠样品照片及其OCT图像 256
图6.31 费昂斯珠样品OCT图像 257
图6.32 玛瑙类样品OCT图像 257
图6.33 水晶珠样品OCT图像 258
图6.34 石榴石OCT图像 258
图6.35 海蓝宝石样品OCT图像 259
图6.36 琥珀类样品OCT图像 259
图6.37 拉制珠表面及穿孔显微图像 261
图6.38 典型印度–太平洋珠样品照片 261
图6.39 拉制珠样品表面拉制痕迹显微形貌 262
图6.40 缠绕珠样品 262
图6.41 典型多面体珠样品 263
图6.42 多面体珠表面打磨痕迹显微形貌 263
图6.43 钻石钻孔工艺钻头及加工微痕特征显微图像 265
图6.44 实心钻与管钻工艺钻头及穿孔形状示意图 265
图6.45 绿柱石类（海蓝宝）珠饰样品穿孔形状及钻孔微痕显微形貌 266
图6.46 水晶玉髓类珠饰样品钻孔微痕显微图像 267
图6.47 广州出土汉代不同质量的红玉髓珠饰 269
图6.48 石榴石类珠饰样品钻孔微痕显微分析 269
图6.49 多面体玻璃珠穿孔痕迹显微图像及穿孔形状 270
图6.50 短六方双锥形珠端面钻孔微痕显微图像 271
图7.1 我国出土战国时期钾钙玻璃管 277
图7.2 宝鸡国西周墓地出土的串饰 279
图7.3 广州出土的西汉中期琥珀印章及印文 284
图7.4 印度哈拉帕文明时期红玉髓蚀花珠 288
图7.5 印度塔克西拉（Taxila）遗址出土的蚀花珠 288
图7.6 乌尔王朝墓葬出土的红玉髓的蚀花珠（公元前2500年） 289
图7.7 东南亚地区出土的蚀花珠 290
图7.8 我国新疆、河南、云南、广西地区出土的蚀花珠 291
图7.9 南亚及东南亚地区出土的系领珠 293
图7.10 广州出土的汉代系领珠 293
图7.11 广西合浦汉墓出土的石榴石系领珠 293
图7.12 东南亚地区出土的狮形饰 295
图7.13 广州出土的汉代狮形饰 295
图7.14 广西合浦汉墓出土的狮形饰 296
图7.15 广州出土的汉代三角形玻璃珠 298
图7.16 罗马地中海风格三角形玻璃珠 298
图7.17 西亚地区出土的仿玛瑙玻璃珠 299
图7.18 东南亚地区出土的条带纹珠 301
图7.19 沟槽珠 301
图7.20 西亚伊朗地区出土的金质珠饰（公元前1000年） 301
图7.21 广州出土的汉代多面空心金珠 303
图7.22 南亚及东南亚地区出土的多面空心金珠 303
图7.23 印度地区出土的橄榄球形玛瑙蚀花珠 303
图7.24 泰国三乔山（Khao Sam Kaeo）遗址出土的蚀花珠 303
图7.25 广西贵县鱼种场M1出土的足球形蚀花珠 303
图7.26 广州出土的汉代耳珰典型样品 305
图7.27 广西汉墓出土的不同材质耳珰 305
图7.28 南亚、东南亚地区出土的红玉髓耳珰 305
图7.29 广州出土的汉代胜形饰 306
图7.30 广西合浦汉墓出土的胜形饰 306
图7.31 泰国差那港发现的玻璃质胜形饰 306
图7.32 广州出土的汉代多面体珠饰 307
Figure Captions
Figure 1.1 Sketch map of all parts of beads and pendants named by Beck 010
Figure 1.2 Classifications of perforation shapes for beads given by Xia Nai (夏鼐) 011
Figure 2.1 Sketch map of ancient topography and distribution of tombs of Han Dynasties in Guangzhou 016
Figure 2.2 Beads and pendants of early Western Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 024
Figure 2.3 Beads and pendants of middle Western Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 025
Figure 2.4 Beads and pendants of late Western Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 026
Figure 2.5 Beads and pendants of late Western Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 027
Figure 2.6 Beads and pendants of late Western Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 028
Figure 2.7 Beads and pendants of early Eastern Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 029
Figure 2.8 Beads and pendants of early Eastern Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 030
Figure 2.9 Beads and pendants of early Eastern Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 031
Figure 2.10 Beads and pendants of early Eastern Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 032
Figure 2.11 Beads and pendants of late Eastern Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 033
Figure 2.12 Beads and pendants of late Eastern Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 034
Figure 2.13 Beads and pendants of late Eastern Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Guangzhou 035
Figure 2.14 Histogram of tombs of Han Dynasties unearthed with beads and pendants of different periods in Han tombs in Guangzhou 036
Figure 2.15 Glass shells unearthed from Mausoleum of the Nanyue King 041
Figure 2.16 Glass beads unearthed from Mausoleum of the Nanyue King 042
Figure 2.17 Beads and pendants made of gold, jade and jet unearthed from Mausoleum of the Nanyue King 044
Figure 2.18 Glass eye beads unearthed from Mausoleum of the Nanyue King 045
Figure 2.19 Nose stopples unearthed from Mausoleum of the Nanyue King 045
Figure 2.20 Beads and pendants of late Eastern Han Dynasty in Han tombs in Panyu048
Figure 2.21 Beads and pendants of early Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 063
Figure 2.22 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 064
Figure 2.23 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 065
Figure 2.24 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 066
Figure 2.25 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 067
Figure 2.26 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 068
Figure 2.27 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeolog 069
Figure 2.28 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 070
Figure 2.29 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 071
Figure 2.30 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 072
Figure 2.31 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 073
Figure 2.32 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 074
Figure 2.33 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 075
Figure 2.34 Beads and pendants of middle and late Western Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 076
Figure 2.35 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 077
Figure 2.36 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 078
Figure 2.37 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 079
Figure 2.38 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 080
Figure 2.39 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 081
Figure 2.40 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 082
Figure 2.41 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 083
Figure 2.42 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 084
Figure 2.43 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 085
Figure 2.44 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 086
Figure 2.45 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 087
Figure 2.46 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 088
Figure 2.47 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 089
Figure 2.48 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 090
Figure 2.49 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 091
Figure 2.50 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 092
Figure 2.51 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 093
Figure 2.52 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 094
Figure 2.53 Beads and pendants of Eastern Han Dynasty collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 095
Figure 3.1 Glass beads of various colors 101
Figure 3.2 Glass beads of different transparency 102
Figure 3.3 Shapes of glass beads 104
Figure 3.4 Barrel disc glass beads 106
Figure 3.5 Short cylinder glass beads 106
Figure 3.6 Spherical glass beads 109
Figure 3.7 Annular glass bead 111
Figure 3.8 Round tabular glass bead 111
Figure 3.9 Lenticular glass bead 111
Figure 3.10 Pentagonal bicone glass bead 111
Figure 3.11 Hexagonal bicone glass beads 114
Figure 3.12 Hexagonal truncated bicone glass beads 114
Figure 3.13 Flat hexagonal barrel glass beads 115
Figure 3.14 Olivary glass bead 115
Figure 3.15 Prismatic glass beads 118
Figure 3.16 Irregular quadrangular prism glass beads 118
Figure 3.17 Pentagonal prismatic glass bead 118
Figure 3.18 Hexagonal prismatic glass beads 119
Figure 3.19 Heptagonal prismatic glass beads 120
Figure 3.20 Glass tubes 120
Figure 3.21 Cornerless cube glass beads 123
Figure 3.22 Saucer-shaped glass beads 123
Figure 3.23 Melon glass beads 126
Figure 3.24 Shell-shaped glass beads 126
Figure 3.25 Sheng-shaped glass beads (function for protecting against evil spirits) 127
Figure 3.26 Collar glass beads 127
Figure 3.27 Segmented glass beads 127
Figure 3.28 Glass ear pendants and nose stopple 129
Figure 3.29 Concave cylinder glass ear pendants 130
Figure 3.30 Suona-shaped glass ear pendants 131
Figure 3.31 I-shaped glass ear pendant 134
Figure 3.32 Glass ear pendants without perforation 134
Figure 3.33 Glass nose stopples 134
Figure 3.34 Glass eye beads 135
Figure 3.35 Glass eye beads 135
Figure 3.36 Glass eye beads 135
Figure 3.37 Glass eye bead 138
Figure 3.38 Short cylindrical mosaic glass bead 138
Figure 3.39 Mosaic glass bead 139
Figure 3.40 Triangular mosaic glass bead 139
Figure 3.41 Triangular sardonyx bead 139
Figure 3.42 Glass beads with transverse stripe 140
Figure 3.43 Glass beads with vertical stripes 140
Figure 3.44 Silver-glass beads 140
Figure 3.45 Gold-glass bead 140
Figure 3.46 Annular faience beads 144
Figure 3.47 Olivary faience beads 144
Figure 3.48 Multifaceted faience beads 145
Figure 3.49 Melon faience beads 146
Figure 3.50 Fluted faience beads 146
Figure 3.51 Saucer-shaped pottery bead 147
Figure 3.52 Saucer-shaped pottery beads with stamps 147
Figure 3.53 Spherical gold beads 150
Figure 3.54 Spherical gold beads with incised and carved designs 150
Figure 3.55 Saucer-shaped gold beads 150
Figure 3.56 Drop-shaped gold beads 150
Figure 3.57 Multifaceted granulation hollow gold beads 151
Figure 3.58 Gold ear pendants 151
Figure 3.59 Granulation gold ear pendants 152
Figure 3.60 Drop-shaped silver beads 154
Figure 4.1 Carnelian bead with dark spots 158
Figure 4.2 Contaminated carnelian bead 158
Figure 4.3 Carnelian beads with yellow-green hue 158
Figure 4.4 Carnelian bead with white stripe 158
Figure 4.5 Carnelian bead with white spot 158
Figure 4.6 Etched carnelian bead 158
Figure 4.7 Etched carnelian bead 158
Figure 4.8 Etched carnelian bead 158
Figure 4.9 Carnelian beads and pendants 159
Figure 4.10 Hexagonal bicone carnelian bead 161
Figure 4.11 Hexagonal bicone carnelian bead 161
Figure 4.12 Oblate hexagonal bicone carnelian bead 161
Figure 4.13 Oblate hexagonal bicone carnelian bead 161
Figure 4.14 Closed angle hexagonal bicone carnelian bead 161
Figure 4.15 Hexagonal truncated bicone carnelian bead 162
Figure 4.16 Hexagonal truncated bicone carnelian bead 162
Figure 4.17 Heptagonal bicone carnelian bead 162
Figure 4.18 Heptagonal bicone carnelian bead 162
Figure 4.19 Octagonal bicone carnelian bead 162
Figure 4.20 Octagonal bicone carnelian bead 162
Figure 4.21 Oblate octagonal bicone carnelian bead 165
Figure 4.22 Oblate octagonal bicone carnelian bead 165
Figure 4.23 Pentagonal bicone carnelian bead 165
Figure 4.24 Enneagon bicone carnelian bead 165
Figure 4.25 Spherical carnelian bead 165
Figure 4.26 Spherical carnelian beads 165
Figure 4.27 Spherical carnelian beads 165
Figure 4.28 Spherical carnelian beads 165
Figure 4.29 Irregular spherical carnelian beads 166
Figure 4.30 Irregular spherical carnelian beads 166
Figure 4.31 Irregular spherical carnelian beads 166
Figure 4.32 Lenticular carnelian beads 166
Figure 4.33 Olivary carnelian bead 166
Figure 4.34 Olivary carnelian bead 166
Figure 4.35 Oblate rhombic carnelian bead 166
Figure 4.36 Oblate rhombic carnelian beads 166
Figure 4.37 Cylindrical carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.38 Irregular cylindrical carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.39 Saucer-shaped carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.40 Saucer-shaped carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.41 Cornerless cube carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.42 Icosahedron-shaped carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.43 Icosahedron-shaped carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.44 Drop-shaped carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.45 Lion-shaped carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.46 Lion-shaped carnelian bead 168
Figure 4.47 Concave cylinder carnelian ear pendant 169
Figure 4.48 Concave cylinder carnelian ear pendants 169
Figure 4.49 Concave cylinder carnelian ear pendants 169
Figure 4.50 Concave cylinder carnelian ear pendant 170
Figure 4.51 Concave cylinder carnelian ear pendants 170
Figure 4.52 Concave cylinder carnelian ear pendant 170
Figure 4.53 Concave cylinder carnelian ear pendant 170
Figure 4.54 Concave cylinder carnelian ear pendant 170
Figure 4.55 Bottom surface of carnelian ear pendants 170
Figure 4.56 Raw material of carnelian 170
Figure 4.57 Spherical chalcedony bead 172
Figure 4.58 Lenticular chalcedony bead 172
Figure 4.59 Cylindrical chalcedony bead 172
Figure 4.60 Saucer-shaped chalcedony beads 172
Figure 4.61 Agate bead with white dark stripe 174
Figure 4.62 Agate bead with white dark stripe 174
Figure 4.63 Agate beads with brown-black-white stripes 174
Figure 4.64 Brown agate beads with black-white stripes 174
Figure 4.65 Tawny agate bead with white stripes 174
Figure 4.66 Brown-red agate beads with white stripes 174
Figure 4.67 Agate bead with brown-black-white stripes 174
Figure 4.68 Detailed textures in the internal body of a bead 174
Figure 4.69 Gray-brown agate bead with white stripes 174
Figure 4.70 Agate bead with gray-brown-white stripes 175
Figure 4.71 Agate bead with yellow-gray stripes 175
Figure 4.72 Agate bead with brown-white stripes 175
Figure 4.73 Gray agate bead with white spots 175
Figure 4.74 Chrysoprase bead with a white stripe 175
Figure 4.75 Agate beads with gray-white stripes.175
Figure 4.76 Agate beads and pendants 176
Figure 4.77 Olivary agate beads 178
Figure 4.78 Olivary agate beads 178
Figure 4.79 Olivary agate bead 178
Figure 4.80 Olivary agate bead 178
Figure 4.81 Agate bead with drop shape close to olive shape 178
Figure 4.82 Agate bead with drop shape close to olive shape 178
Figure 4.83 Agate bead with drop shape close to olive shape 178
Figure 4.84 Cylindrical agate bead 179
Figure 4.85 Cylindrical agate bead 179
Figure 4.86 Cylindrical agate bead 179
Figure 4.87 Short barrel agate bead 179
Figure 4.88 Short barrel agate bead 179
Figure 4.89 Short barrel agate bead 179
Figure 4.90 Triangular agate bead 179
Figure 4.91 Triangular mosaic glass bead 179
Figure 4.92 Flat pentagonal agate bead 179
Figure 4.93 Crystal beads and pendants 181
Figure 4.94 Quadrangular irregular crystal bead 184
Figure 4.95 Irregular quadrangular prismatic crystal bead 184
Figure 4.96 Pentagonal prismatic crystal bead 184
Figure 4.97 Irregular pentagonal prismatic crystal bead 184
Figure 4.98 Hexagonal prismatic crystal bead 184
Figure 4.99 Hexagonal prismatic amethyst beads 184
Figure 4.100 Flat hexagonal prismatic amethyst bead 184
Figure 4.101 Hexagonal biconical crystal beads 184
Figure 4.102 Hexagonal biconical amethyst beads 185
Figure 4.103 Hexagonal truncated bicone crystal bead 185
Figure 4.104 Hexagonal truncated bicone crystal beads 185
Figure 4.105 Flat diamond crystal beads 187
Figure 4.106 Polyhedral crystal bead 187
Figure 4.107 Saucer-shaped amethyst beads 187
Figure 4.108 Spherical amethyst bead 187
Figure 4.109 Lenticular amethyst beads 187
Figure 4.110 Olivary crystal bead 187
Figure 4.111 Olivary amethyst bead 187
Figure 4.112 Cylindrical amethyst bead 189
Figure 4.113 Irregular cylindrical crystal bead 189
Figure 4.114 Collar amethyst bead 189
Figure 4.115 Turtle-shaped amethyst bead ornament 189
Figure 4.116 Lion-shaped citrine bead ornament 189
Figure 4.117 Crystal Jue 189
Figure 4.118 Crystal cone 189
Figure 4.119 Irregular cuboid-shaped raw crystals 189
Figure 4.120 Irregular quadrangular prismatic beryl bead 192
Figure 4.121 Irregular quadrangular prismatic beryl beads 192
Figure 4.122 Irregular quadrangular prismatic beryl bead 192
Figure 4.123 Irregular quadrangular prismatic beryl bead 192
Figure 4.124 Irregular hexagonal prismatic beryl bead 192
Figure 4.125 Hexagonal prismatic beryl bead 192
Figure 4.126 Hexagonal truncated bicone beryl bead 192
Figure 4.127 Spherical garnet beads 194
Figure 4.128 Irregular spherical garnet bead 194
Figure 4.129 Spherical garnet beads 194
Figure 4.130 Irregular spherical garnet beads 194
Figure 4.131 Irregular spherical garnet beads 194
Figure 4.132 Bottom perforation of the irregular spherical garnet bead 194
Figure 4.133 Olivary garnet beads 194
Figure 4.134 Collar garnet beads 194
Figure 4.135 Short barrel turquoise bead 196
Figure 4.136 Irregular triangular turquoise bead 196
Figure 4.137 Turquoise bead 196
Figure 4.138 Cylindrical jade tube 199
Figure 4.139 Cylindrical jade tube 199
Figure 4.140 Cylindrical jade tubes 199
Figure 4.141 Cylindrical jade tube 199
Figure 4.142 Cylindrical jade tubes 199
Figure 4.143 Cylindrical jade tube 199
Figure 4.144 Spherical jade bead 199
Figure 4.145 Spherical jade bead 199
Figure 4.146 Bi-shaped jade beads 200
Figure 4.147 Circular plate shaped jade beads 200
Figure 4.148 Olivary jade bead 200
Figure 4.149 Double-Sheng-shaped jade bead 201
Figure 4.150 Cuboid-shaped jade bead 201
Figure 4.151 Bird-shaped jade bead 201
Figure 4.152 Concave cylinder jade ear pendant 201
Figure 4.153 Octagon prismatic jade nose stopple 201
Figure 4.154 Octagon prismatic glass nose stopples 201
Figure 4.155 Round tabular jet beads 203
Figure 4.156 Round tabular shaped jet bead 203
Figure 4.157 Spherical jet beads 203
Figure 4.158 Melon jet bead 203
Figure 4.159 Ellipse amber beads 206
Figure 4.160 Irregular ellipse amber beads 206
Figure 4.161 Regular and irregular oblate amber beads 206
Figure 4.162 Oblate amber beads 206
Figure 4.163 Quadrangular prismatic amber bead 206
Figure 4.164 Quadrangular prismatic amber bead 206
Figure 4.165 Irregular quadrangular prismatic amber bead 206
Figure 4.166 Irregular prismatic amber bead 206
Figure 4.167 Cylindrical amber bead 208
Figure 4.168 Irregular cylindrical amber bead 208
Figure 4.169 Hexagonal bicone amber beads 208
Figure 4.170 Double-Sheng-shaped amber beads 208
Figure 4.171 Double-Sheng-shaped amber beads 208
Figure 4.172 Convex cone amber bead 209
Figure 4.173 Lenticular amber bead 209
Figure 4.174 Irregular spherical amber bead 209
Figure 4.175 Annular amber bead 209
Figure 4.176 Lion-shaped amber bead 212
Figure 4.177 Lion-shaped amber bead 212
Figure 4.178 Lion-shaped amber bead 212
Figure 4.179 Lion-shaped amber bead. 212
Figure 4.180 Lion-shaped amber bead 212
Figure 4.181 Lion-shaped amber beads 212
Figure 4.182 Lion-shaped amber bead 212
Figure 4.183 Lion-shaped amber bead 212
Figure 4.184 Lion-shaped amber bead 212
Figure 4.185 Lion-shaped amber beads 212
Figure 4.186 Frog-shaped amber bead 213
Figure 4.187 Frog-shaped amber bead 213
Figure 4.188 Animal-shaped amber bead 213
Figure 4.189 Animal-shaped amber bead 213
Figure 4.190 Animal-shaped amber bead 213
Figure 4.191 Animal-shaped amber bead 213
Figure 4.192 Animal-shaped amber bead 213
Figure 4.193 Animal-shaped amber bead 213
Figure 4.194 Concave cylinder amber ear pendants 215
Figure 4.195 Concave cylinder amber ear pendants 215
Figure 4.196 Cylindrical amber ear pendants 215
Figure 4.197 Cylindrical amber ear pendant 215
Figure 4.198 Suona-shaped amber ear pendant 215
Figure 4.199 Stone pendant 215
Figure 6.1 2D plots for chemical compositions of potash glasses of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 238
Figure 6.2 Glass tubes 240
Figure 6.3 Photos of typical glass samples for low lime-high alumina type potash glass 240
Figure 6.4 Photos of typical glass samples for medium lime-alumina type potash glass 240
Figure 6.5 Photos of typical glass samples for plant ash soda-alumina type glass 240
Figure 6.6 Photos of typical glass samples for mineral alkali soda-alumina type glass 240
Figure 6.7 Photos of typical glass samples for mineral alkali soda-lime type glass 243
Figure 6.8 Photos of typical glass samples for plant ash soda-lime type glass 243
Figure 6.9 Photos of typical glass samples for lead-barium type glass 243
Figure 6.10 Photos of typical glass samples for potash-lead type glass243
Figure 6.11 Photos of typical glass sample for mixed alkali type glass 243
Figure 6.12 Photos of typical faience samples 243
Figure 6.13 Bar graph of chemical systems for glasses dated to Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 245
Figure 6.14 Raman spectras and photos of typical glass samples opacified by lead stannate and lead antimonate 246
Figure 6.15 Raman spectra of typical copper red glass beads 247
Figure 6.16 Brown glass bead with a white stripe 247
Figure 6.17 Raman spectra of typical quartz beads 248
Figure 6.18 Raman spectra of typical almandine beads 249
Figure 6.19 Raman spectra of aquamarine bead 250
Figure 6.20 Photos of typical amber beads dated to Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 251
Figure 6.21 Qualitative spectra of the amber beads and pendants of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 251
Figure 6.22 Photos for typical gold pendants 252
Figure 6.23 Photo and OCT image of the segmented silver-glass bead 254
Figure 6.24 OCT images and schematic diagram of the testing regions of the brown glass bead with a white stripe 254
Figure 6.25 Dark blue glass bead with white stripes and the OCT images 254
Figure 6.26 OCT images of the melon glass bead 255
Figure 6.27 OCT images of the Indo-Pacific glass beads 255
Figure 6.28 OCT images of the polyhedral glass beads 255
Figure 6.29 OCT images of the glass ear pendants 256
Figure 6.30 Eye glass bead and the OCT images 256
Figure 6.31 OCT images of the faience beads 257
Figure 6.32 OCT images of the agate beads 257
Figure 6.33 OCT image of the crystal bead 258
Figure 6.34 OCT images of the garnet beads 258
Figure 6.35 OCT image of the aquamarine bead 259
Figure 6.36 OCT image of the lion-shaped amber bead 259
Figure 6.37 Surface and microscope images of a drawn glass bead 261
Figure 6.38 Photos of typical Indo-Pacific glass beads 261
Figure 6.39 Micrographs of drawning trace on the surface of the drawn glass beads 262
Figure 6.40 Wound glass beads 262
Figure 6.41 Photos of typical polyhedral glass beads 263
Figure 6.42 Micrographs of polishing trace on the surface of polyhedral glass beads 263
Figure 6.43 Photos of diamond-drill and micrographs of the processing traces 265
Figure 6.44 Solid drill, tubular drill and sketch map of their perforations 265
Figure 6.45 Shapes and micrographs of drilling hole of the beryl (aquamarine type) beads and pendants 266
Figure 6.46 Micrographs of drilling hole of the crystal and chalcedony beads and pendants 267
Figure 6.47 Different shapes of carnelian beads and pendants of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 269
Figure 6.48 Micrographs of drilling trace of garnet beads and pendants 269
Figure 6.49 Micrographs of drilling trace and the shapes of polyhedral glass beads 270
Figure 6.50 Micrograph of drilling trace on the end surface of hexagonal truncated bicone glass bead 271
Figure 7.1 Potash-lime glass tubes of Warring States Period unearthed from China 277
Figure 7.2 String pendants unearthed from tomb of Yu State of Western Zhou Dynasty in Baoji 279
Figure 7.3 Amber seal of middle Western Han Dynasty unearthed from Guangzhou and the impression 284
Figure 7.4 Etched carnelian beads of Harappa civilization in ancient India 288
Figure 7.5 Etched beads unearthed from Taxila site in ancient India 288
Figure 7.6 Etched carnelian bead unearthed from the burial of Ur Dynasty (2500 BC) 289
Figure 7.7 Etched beads unearthed from Southeast Asia 290
Figure 7.8 Etched beads unearthed from Xinjiang, Henan, Yunnan and Guangxi, China 291
Figure 7.9 Collar beads unearthed from South Asia and Southeast Asia 293
Figure 7.10 Collar beads of Han Dynasty unearthed from Guangzhou 293
Figure 7.11 Collar garnet beads unearthed from tomb of Han Dynasty in Hepu, Guangxi 293
Figure 7.12 Lion-shaped beads unearthed from Southeast Asia 295
Figure 7.13 Lion-shaped beads of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 295
Figure 7.14 Lion-shaped beads unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasties in Hepu, Guangxi 296
Figure 7.15 Triangular glass bead of Han Dynasty unearthed from Guangzhou 298
Figure 7.16 Roman-Mediterranean style triangular glass beads 298
Figure 7.17 Glass beads for imitating agate unearthed from West Asia 299
Figure 7.18 Striped glass beads unearthed from Southeast Asia 301
Figure 7.19 Fluted beads 301
Figure 7.20 Gold beads and pendants unearthed from Iran, West Asia (1000 BC) 301
Figure 7.21 Multifaceted hollow gold beads of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 303
Figure 7.22 Multifaceted hollow gold beads unearthed from South Asia and Southeast Asia 303
Figure 7.23 Olivary etched agate beads unearthed from India 303
Figure 7.24 Etched beads unearthed from Khao Sam Kaeo site, Thailand 303
Figure 7.25 Football-shaped etched beads unearthed from the No. 1 tomb in Fish nursery, Gui County, Guangxi 303
Figure 7.26 Typical ear pendants of the Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 305
Figure 7.27 Ear pendants made of different materials unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasties in Hepu, Guangxi 305
Figure 7.28 Carnelian ear pendants unearthed from South Asia and Southeast Asia 305
Figure 7.29 Sheng-shaped pendants of the Han Dynasty unearthed from Guangzhou 306
Figure 7.30 Sheng-shaped pendants unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasties in Hepu, Guangxi 306
Figure 7.31 Sheng-shaped pendant unearthed from Ta Chana port, Thailand 306
Figure 7.32 Multifaceted glass beads and pendants of Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 307
插表目录
表1.1 布里尔对珠饰尺寸类型的划分标准 010
表2.1 《广州汉墓》墓葬出土珠饰情况一览表 018
表2.2 《广州汉墓》出土珠饰墓葬形制与随葬品数量对照表 037
表2.3 《广州汉墓》珠饰种类统计表 040
表2.4 《番禺汉墓》墓葬出土珠饰情况一览表 046
表2.5 1970～2016年发掘的广州两汉墓葬珠饰出土情况一览表（广州市文物考古研究院收藏） 049
表2.6 广州出土汉代珠饰种类统计表 098
表3.1 单色玻璃珠饰颜色统计表 101
表3.2 单色玻璃珠饰透明度统计表 102
表3.3 玻璃珠形状统计表 103
表5.1 广州出土汉代珠饰器形统计表 219
表5.2 广州出土汉代珠饰形状一览表 220
表6.1 不同玻璃体系及其亚类划分标准 237
表6.2 广州出土汉代玻璃测试样品化学成分信息统计表 244
表7.1 广州出土汉代玻璃珠测试样品化学成分统计表 274
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Classification criterions of the size for beads and pendants given by Brill 010
Table 2.1 List of beads and pendants in Han tombs in Guangzhou 018
Table 2.2 List of tomb shapes and the quantity of burial objects in Han tombs in Guangzhou 037
Table 2.3 Statistical table of types of beads and pendants in Han tombs in Guangzhou 040
Table 2.4 List of beads and pendants in Han tombs in Panyu 046
Table 2.5 List of beads and pendants unearthed from tombs of the Han Dynasties in Guangzhou during 1970–2016 (collected in Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology) 049
Table 2.6 Statistical table of the types for beads and pendants dated to Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 098
Table 3.1 Statistical table of colors for monochrome glass beads 101
Table 3.2 Statistical table of transparency for monochrome glass beads 102
Table 3.3 Statistical table of the shapes for glass beads 103
Table 5.1 Statistical table of shapes of beads and pendants of the Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 219
Table 5.2 List of the shapes of beads and pendants of the Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 220
Table 6.1 Classification criterions of different glass systems and sub-types 237
Table 6.2 Chemical compositions of the glass samples of the Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 244
Table 7.1 Chemical compositions of the glass samples of the Han Dynasties unearthed from Guangzhou 274
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