Contents 丛书序 i 序 iii 前言 v Preface ix Chapter One Introduction 1 1.1 What Are Formulaic Speech Events 1 1.2 Man’s Living within Formulaic Speech Events 11 1.2.1 Language: The Last Homestead of Human Beings 11 1.2.2 Man’s Having to Live within FSEs 13 1.2.3 Relevant Issues in Qian (2005) Left for Further Investigation 15 1.2.4 Insufficient Study on FSEs 16 1.3 The Objectives and Methodology of the Project 18 1.3.1 The Research Objectives and Questions 18 1.3.2 The Research Methodology 20 1.4 The Organization of the Book 21 Chapter Two The Inside-Out vs. the Outside-In Approaches to Repetive Language Use 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 The Study of Formulaic Expressions in General 23 2.2.1 The Formulaic Approach: One of the Two Co-existing Language Processing Strategies 24 2.2.2 Some Major Agreed-upon Findings and Problems 27 2.3 The Study of SBUs 33 2.3.1 Coulmas’s Study of Routine Formulae 33 2.3.2 Kecskés’s Study of SBUs 38 2.4 The Pragmatic Perspective 44 2.4.1 The Event-oriented View of Language Use 46 2.4.2 Language Use as Negotiable Dynamic Choice-making Processes 48 2.5 Summary 51 Chapter Three Categorizing Formulaic Speech Events 54 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Speech Events 54 3.2.1 An Operational Definition of Speech Event 54 3.2.2 The Embedding of Speech Events 63 3.2.3 Recurrence of Speech Events 68 3.2.4 The Problem of Naming Speech Events 69 3.3 FSEs 70 3.3.1 FSEs in a Strict Sense 71 3.3.2 FSEs in a Broad Sense 75 3.3.3 The Continuum of FSEs 79 3.3.4 The Inclination of Formulaicity 81 3.3.5 Formulaic Speech Acts and FSEs 83 3.3.6 Formulaicity and Variability 86 3.3.7 Choice-making in FSEs 99 3.4 FSEs and Non-FSEs 100 3.5 Summary: FSEs as the Basic Forms of Life 102 Chapter Four The Emergence and Functions of Formulaic Speech Events 104 4.1 Introduction 104 4.2 Factors That Cause the Emergence of FSEs 104 4.2.1 The Human Cognitive Inclination: Inductive Thinking 104 4.2.2 The Socio-cultural Factors 107 4.3 Functions of FSEs 114 4.3.1 Specific Functions 115 4.3.2 General Functions 116 4.3.3 FSEs as Strategies: Man’s Being in FSEs 125 4.4 Summary 129 Chapter Five The Pragmatic Mechanism of FSEs: A Game-Theoretic Framework 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Game Theory and Pragmatics 132 5.2.1 The Essence of Game Theory 132 5.2.2 The Application of Game Theory in Pragmatics 136 5.3 FSEs as Repeated Positive-sum Games of Perfect Information 142 5.3.1 The Gains and Losses in FSEs 142 5.3.2 FSEs as Repeated Dynamic Games 147 5.3.3 The Rationality of Agents in FSEs 149 5.4 The Pragmatic Mechanism of FSEs 152 5.4.1 Choice Resources in FSEs 153 5.4.2 The Constraint of Context 160 5.4.3 The Constraint of Goals 166 5.4.4 The Guidance of Expectation 178 5.5 The Functioning of the Pragmatic Mechanism of FSEs: Case Studies 181 5.5.1 The Wedding Ceremony 184 5.5.2 Bargaining Events on the Cattle Market 197 5.6 Summary 215 Chapter Six A Step Forwards and the Questions Begged 217 6.1 The Inclination of Formulaicity in Verbal Communication 217 6.2 Limitations of the Research and Topics for Further Studies 220 References 223 Appendices 239 Appendix I The Moderator’s Performances at News Conferences 239 Appendix II A Full Sample of Christian Wedding Format 241 Appendix III Five Christian Weddings 246 A. The Stacy-Dave Case 246 B. The Eva-Mike Case 247 C. The Lauren-Aran Case 248 D. The Wendy-Donovan Case 250 E. The Deidre-Bred Case 251 Appendix IV Bargaining Events on Chinese Cattle Markets 253 Case A: Youtian Cattle Market (1) 253 Case B: Youtian Cattle Market (7) 259 List of Figures Figure 1.1 The bargaining scheme 9 Figure 2.1 The fixity-variability continuum 30 Figure 2.2 The scale of context-boundness of FEs 32 Figure 3.1 The continuum of FSEs 79 Figure 4.1 The schema for bargaining on the food market 106 Figure 5.1 A Christian wedding scheme 189 Figure 5.2 The bargaining event on the cattle market 199 List of Tables Table 3.1 Hymes SPEAKING model of speech 56 Table 3.2 Parameters of Speech Events59 Table 5.1 Formulaic actions and formulaic expressions on the cattle market 204
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