Contents 前言i Prefaceiii Chapter 1 Introduction1 1.1 What is “Collocation”?1 1.2 The Importance of Studying Collocations in Second Language Acquisition3 1.3 The Purpose of This Book8 1.4 Key Research Questions11 1.5 Organization of the Book11 Chapter 2 A General Overview of Formulaic Sequences13 2.1 Terms and Definitions of Formulaic Sequences15 2.2Glimpses on the History of Formulaic Sequence Studies18 2.3Functions of Formulaic Sequences22 2.4Summary30 Chapter 3A Thorough Look at Collocations32 3.1Definitions and Identification of Collocations33 3.2A Working Definition of Collocation and Related Concepts50 3.3Previous Studies on Collocations in SLA56 3.4Summary64 Chapter 4Towards a Usage-Based Understanding of Collocations66 4.1A Brief Introduction to the Usage-Based Model66 4.2Formulating a Usage-Based Framework of Collocation Acquisition and Use81 4.3L2 Collocation Acquisition: Controversies and Remaining Questions99 4.4Summary102 Chapter 5The Empirical Studies104 5.1General Research Questions and Hypotheses105 5.2Instruments107 5.3Study 1109 5.4Study 2142 5.5Summary of Study 1 and Study 2150 Chapter 6Major Findings, General Discussion and Conclusion153 6.1Major Findings153 6.2General Discussion160 6.3Conclusion176 References178 Appendixs194 Appendix 1Items for the On-Line Experiment194 Appendix 2Off-Line Acceptability Judgment Test (AJT)199 List of Tables 2.1Terms Used in the Literature to Describe Formulaic Sequences and Formulaicity (Wray & Perkins, 2000: 3)15 3.1Subcategories of Word-like Combinations (Cowie, 1998b: 7)42 4.1Examples of Constructions (adapted from Goldberg, 2006)70 4.2The Syntax-Lexicon Continuum (Croft, 2001: 17)86 5.1Bio-data of Subjects in Study 1111 5.2 Look-up for Paper and Pen Score (Geranpayeh, 2003)112 5.3 Grouping of Participants Based on Scores in QPT113 5.4 A Comparison of Collocation Lengths Across 4 Conditions122 5.5Descriptive Statistics of Response Accuracy Rates on Non-collocations and Collocations by Two Proficiency Groups127 5.6Effects of English Proficiency Level and Word Combination Type on Subjects’ Response Accuracy127 5.7Descriptive Statistics of RTs on Non-collocations and Collocations by Two Proficiency Groups128 5.8Effects of English Proficiency Level and Word Combination Type on Subjects’ RTs129 5.9Descriptive Statistics of Response Accuracy Rates131 5.10Results of the Mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA on Response Accuracy Rates132 5.11Simple Effect Analysis of Collocation Strength by Frequency Level on Response Accuracy Rates135 5.12Descriptive Statistics of RTs136 5.13Results of the Mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA on RTs138 5.14Simple Effect Analysis of Collocation Strength by Frequency Level on RTs141 5.15Comparisons of Frequency Effect by Proficiency Level141 5.16Example of the Graded AJT Questionnaire145 5.17Means and SDs of Acceptance Rates on Non-collocations and Collocations Across the four Different Conditions146 5.18Results of the Mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA on the Acceptance Rates149 List of Figures 3.1Classification of Word Combinations (Cowie, 1998b, 2001)43 4.1Linguistic Constructions in the Specificity/Complexity Continuum (adapted from Roehr, 2008)70 5.1 A Comparison of Response Accuracy on Non-collocations and Collocations126 5.2Comparison of Response Time on Non-collocations and Collocations128 5.3Comparison of Response Accuracy Rates of Collocations Across the 4Conditions130 5.4Interaction Between Frequency and Collocation Strength134 5.5A Comparison of RTs of Collocations Across the 4 Conditions137 5.6Interaction Between Collocation Frequency and Collocation Strength139 5.7Interaction Between Collocation Frequency and Subjects’ English Proficiency140 5.8Comparing Subjects’ Ratings Across Non-collocations and Four Different Types of Collocations148
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